Cesáreo Calvo Rigual

“CULTURAL TABLES” IN ITALIAN-SPANISH CONTEMPORARY DICTIONARIES

Bilingual dictionaries pay more and more attention to the information about the elements that are intimately linked to the culture of one of the two languages in question. This is why, in the absence of an immediate equivalence in the target language, they constitute a challenge for the lexicographer. Thus, bilingual translation dictionaries find it difficult to offer possible equivalents. The bilingual dictionaries that also want to help the decoding of such lexical units offer more extensive information. They do so either through paraphrases that are in the microstructure of the entries, or through what we have called ‘cultural tables’, encyclopaedic texts that complement certain entries and that have not been offered in bilingual dictionaries up until recently. The cultural tables provided by the three bilingual Italian-Spanish dictionaries –that include them in their microstructure (Garzanti, Herder and Zanichelli)– are studied. The analysis is both quantitative (total number, number per field) and qualitative (which ones are preferred by each dictionary, what type of information is offered). Several of these cultural tables are analysed in detail. We conclude that the selection criteria of the cultural-bound elements as well as the information offered on them are too heterogeneous and often unclear.Bilingual dictionaries pay more and more attention to the information about the elements that are intimately linked to the culture of one of the two languages in question. This is why, in the absence of an immediate equivalence in the target language, they constitute a challenge for the lexicographer. Thus, bilingual translation dictionaries find it difficult to offer possible equivalents. The bilingual dictionaries that also want to help the decoding of such lexical units offer more extensive information. They do so either through paraphrases that are in the microstructure of the entries, or through what we have called ‘cultural tables’, encyclopaedic texts that complement certain entries and that have not been offered in bilingual dictionaries up until recently. The cultural tables provided by the three bilingual Italian-Spanish dictionaries –that include them in their microstructure (Garzanti, Herder and Zanichelli)– are studied. The analysis is both quantitative (total number, number per field) and qualitative (which ones are preferred by each dictionary, what type of information is offered). Several of these cultural tables are analysed in detail. We conclude that the selection criteria of the cultural-bound elements as well as the information offered on them are too heterogeneous and often unclear.

La presencia de americanismos en los diccionarios bilingües español-italiano

Apart from containing different kinds of lexicon, such as the essential, specialised and colloquial lexicons and so forth, bilingual dictionaries should also include the geographic variations of a language, being an important part of its lexicon as a whole. With regard to Spanish language this matter is even more important. In fact, its regional varieties have always played an important role, especially within Latin America. All this resulted in the great importance that such varieties have gained in many works (such as dictionaries, grammars and orthography manuals) promoted by the academies of the Spanish language, over the last few decades. In this work the presence of Latin American expressions in three large bilingual Italian-Spanish and Spanish-Italian dictionaries (published by Hoepli, Garzanti and Zanichelli publishers over the last few years) will be analysed. Our study focuses on three matters: a) the analysis of the presence/absence of the words that are used to designate the same object, that is, the ‘bus’; b) the analysis of lexicographic labels which indicate the Latin American expressions, as well as the frequency of such labels; and c) their use within a specific segment of the three dictionaries. Very different results have been found. One of the dictionaries (Garzanti) appears to be the most complete by far, if we consider both the variety of the labels that have been used and their frequency. On the other hand, the other two dictionaries only use one generic label for all Latin American expressions. In addition, in them such expressions are used with a much lower frequency. This sort of situation is not acceptable to us, since nowadays-bilingual lexicographers can count on many updated works that contain the lexicon of Latin American varieties of Spanish language. Lexicographers should use such works in order to offer a more complete representation of the Spanish lexicon as a whole.