Charles C. Moskos

From Institution to Occupation Trends in Military Organization

Te military can be understood as a social organization which maintains levels of autonomy while refracting broader societal trends. It is from this perspective that we apply a developmental analysis to the emergent structure of the armed forces. Developmental analysis entails historical reconstruction, trend specification, and, most especially, a model of a future state of affairs toward which actual events are heading.I Developmental analysis, that is, emphasizes the &dquo;from here to there&dquo; sequence of present and hypothetical events. Stated in a slightly different way, a developmental construct is a &dquo;pure type&dquo; placed at some future point by which we may ascertain and order the emergent reality of contemporary social phenomena. Models derived from developmental analysis bridge the empirical world of today with the social forms of the future. Put plainly, what is the likely shape of the military in the foreseeable future?

The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War

Acknowledgements Contributors 1. Armed Forces After the Cold War 2. Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm 3. United Kingdom: The Overstretched Military 4. France: In the Throes of Epoch-Making Change 5. Germany: Forerunner of a Post-National Military? 6. Netherlands The Final Professionalization of the Military 7. Denmark: From Obligation to Option 8. Italy: A Military for What? 9. Canada: Managing Change with Shrinking Resources 10. Australia and New Zealand: Contingent and Concordant Militaries 11. Switzerland: Between Tradition and Modernity 12. Israel: Still Waiting in the Wings 13. South Africa: Emerging from a Time Warp 14. The Postmodern Military Reconsidered

Institutional/Occupational Trends in Armed Forces: An Update:

Since its introduction in 1977, the institutional/occupational (I/O) thesis has generated a growing body of international research. The basic proposition is that the military is moving from an institutional to an occupational format. The thesis is brought up to date by greater specification of I/O variables in military organization. Variables include legitimacy, role commitments, compensation systems, spouse, reference groups, legal system, and postservice status. The current formulation favors an approach that examines shifting constellations of I/O features within armed forces.

Eigeninteresse, Primärgruppen und Ideologie

Immer wieder wird beklagt, das die Menschen zu oft in kriegerische Konflikte verstrickt sind. Demgegenuber ist es dann allerdings schwierig zu begreifen, das viele Menschen trotzdem fahig sind, Situationen zu ertragen, in denen sie toten und getotet werden konnen. So kann die Vielzahl der Versuche, die Kampfmotivation des Soldaten zu deuten, nicht uberraschen. Einige dieser Ansatze heben sich von den ubrigen dadurch ab, das sie weit haufiger dazu herangezogen werden, das Verhalten des Soldaten im Kampf zu erklaren.

National Service in America@@@A Call to Civic Service: National Service for Country and Community.

Suggests a national program for civic service in which young people between 18 and 23 would work in nonprofit associations and public agencies.

Book Reviews: Ignoring global realities

CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 85, NO. 8, 25 OCTOBER 2003 1228 ding to which neuroscientific explanations will finally be sufficient to fully explain human behaviour. His supervenience theory seems almost convincing to me. In fact, I think that any theory that is not along these lines – that mental events are dependent on their physical substrata but not reducible to them – is bound to fail. But this is perhaps the nature of any theory of complexity. (The editors missed the fact that his abstract is also the first part of the article, and it is printed twice.) There is much more material in this article than mentioned here, especially the interesting ideas on monism. B. V. Sreekantan has been one of those few physicists who have been following developments in neural sciences and theories of mind and consciousness. He makes the interesting point that to understand the mind in terms of neural correlates and other observables, transcending some of the present ideas in physics and biology might be required. He gives examples from established physics to show that even within the rigorous physical theories, some of the concepts that originated in common experience have been elevated to the transcended concept that is beyond human experience and intuition. This again is an article that rightly argues that emergent properties can transcend the underlying material properties. I skipped a serious reading of Manoj Samal’s speculations on a unified theory of mind and matter, since the first reading gave the impression that it is full of speculations on speculations. Perhaps, I will discuss with him some of those points when I meet him next. The panel discussion on metaphysical implication of modern science contained a provocative article by N. Kumar, with the thesis that the free-willed self-consciousness might not interact with the will-free neuronal brain. A fundamental problem with this assertion might be the unprovable statement that the self-consciousness is free-willed! The second panel discussion deals with ‘science and religion’. A more complete resource on this topic would be the proceedings of the ‘Science and Spiritual Quest’ conference held at NIAS in January 2003. A volume that contains such a large variety of ideas and thoughts could have been compiled only from an international meeting organized in India by a reputed institute, since otherwise it would have been difficult to bring together many serious scholars familiar with the Indian knowledge and writings on consciousness studies. This alone highlights the uniqueness and value of this volume.