Morris Janowitz

The military in the political development of new nations : an essay in comparative analysis

We may not be able to make you love reading, but the military in the political development of new nations will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.

The All-Volunteer Military as a “Sociopolitical” Problem

The shift from a system of conscription to an all-volunteer military is a manifestation of the long-term decline in the mass armed force in Western parliamentary system. The end of conscription is no short-term measure but likely to persist so that the emergence of an expanded all-volunteer armed forces raises a series of sociopolitical issues for a political democracy. First, the hypothesis is examined that the military in the United States is displaying an increased emphasis on its organization boundaries and distinctive values. Thereby, its linkages with civilian society become attenuated and tied to special segments of the social structure. Second, it is possible to examine the changing social recruitment and, thereby, probe the hypothesis that the military—both the officer corps and the enlisted personnel—each in its own fashion is becoming less and less socially representative. These trends in social recruitment, especially of army officers, can create an “ideological cast” in the military and serve as another source of political cleavage. The implication is drawn that “institution building” is required in order to insure civilian control and to articulate the military with the larger society.

The Bureaucrat and the Public: A Study of Informational Perspectives

Sociological analysis assumes that an individuals position in a largescale administrative organization conditions his knowledge and administrative perspectives. Specific knowledge about clients (functional knowledge) can be distinguished from that concerning strategic goals and broader issues (substantive knowledge). An analysis of the impact of position in the organizational hierarchy of a sample of upperand lower-level public servants in three government agencies in the Detroit metropolitan area confirmed the accepted but untested proposition that the higher the position, the less knowledge about the clients of the agency (functional knowledge).1 Morris Janowitz is a member of the faculty of the Department of Sociology in the University of Michigan; William Delany teaches sociology in the University of Kansas.

From Institutional to Occupational The Need for Conceptual Continuity

and are growing. There are elements of the officer corps that are discontented, and unclear about their personal and professional future; likewise, there are persistent concerns among elected officials about the cost and effectiveness of the all-volunteer force. Overnight, Charles Moskos, one of the most careful students of military institutions, attracted nationwide attention with his conceptual reformulation. The initial presentation was at a Regional Conference of the Inter-University Seminar in Alabama in October 1976. Extensive mass media publicity was given to the core of his presentation even before it was entered into the academic literature.

Social Stratification and Mobility in West Germany

By means of a nation-wide sample survey, the social stratification and patterns of social mobility of West Germany were investigated as well as the consequense of social mobility on selected aspects of social and political behavior. These data underline the continuity of the present social structure with that of the prewar period but also record the extensive upward and downward personal social mobility of individual Germans. West Germany has a social structure similar to that of other Western industrialized countries, but, as compared with the United States, its unique circumstances has produced distinctive features. The consequences of social mobility in West Germany seem to be at least temporarily contributing to greater social consensus.

German Reactions to Nazi Atrocities

Early in the re-education of the German people the military government attempted to develop a sense of collective responsibility for results of National Socialism, especially for atrocities in concentration camps. Detailed interviews indicate that, before the Allied occupation, Germans were aware of the existence and function of concentration camps, although they did not know the details or extent. Almost universally, the individual German projects responsibility upon the Nazi party or the S.S. There is little evidence that exposure to the facts was developing a sense of need for greater personal participation in political life among the traditionally unpolitical.

Toward a Redefinition of Military Strategy in International Relations

In a period of search for politico-military detente between the major nuclear powers, one cannot avoid the question of whether the theories and categories for the analysis of international relations, especially those involving the role of military force, are appropriate and clarifying. Although they strive to make use of timeless categories, social scientists, especially when analyzing international relations, must take into consideration the changing historical context. In this paper I will attempt to reassess the well-known issue of the limits of military intervention in international relations by advanced industrial societies. I will seek to extend and formulate the ideas which, in The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait , were vaguely expressed in the notion of a constabulary.

National Service and the Welfare-Warfare State

The introduction of an all-volunteer military in the United States has raised a number of basic questions. Is the new manpower system producing an effective military force, especially in the combat arms? What is the political and moral basis of a system that relies heavily on members of deprived minorities to be the combat soldiers? This paper reviews the efforts to develop as an alternative a voluntary national service with both military and civilian options.

The Systematic Analysis of Political Biography

Biographical analysis has been a traditional device by which historians and social scientists have sought to relate changes in social structure to political developments. All too often, the richness of personal detail has been hung on a “great man” theory of history, without regard to the key leadership groups involved.

THE TECHNIQUE OF PROPAGANDA FOR REACTION: GERALD L. K. SMITH'S RADIO SPEECHES

GERALD L. K. SMITH is one of the best exanples of the American Fascist fringe. To classify him thus, however, is not to laugh him off. However he be viewed, he and those like him are a dangerous manifestation of something deep in the American tradition. His outpourings are a copybook in reactionary propaganda. In the pages which follow, Mr. Janowitz examines the structure of Smiths propaganda in an effort to discover what it is that brings it the success it has gained. The author, a former member of the Department of Justice, is now overseas with the armed forces.