Chester L. Hunt

Philippine nurses and the brain drain

The Philippines has been one of the greatest exporters of professional personnel to the United States, and nurses outnumber any other category. Although some problems have been reported, their experience in the United States has been generally good. A comparison of samples of Filipino nurses who never left the Philippines with those who had either remained for a long time in the United States or who had remained to the U.S. after a short period found little difference in socioeconomic background. Nurses remaining for long periods in the United States did receive lower scores on scales designed to test anchorage and perceived relative opportunities in the Philippines. The supply of Philippine nurses is growing and migration will continue at a high level if U.S. immigration policies permit.

Private Integrated Housing in a Medium Size Northern City

Most of the research on interracial housing has been carried on in large cities with a large and rapidly growing Negro population. The findings usually indicate a bitter struggle between Negro and white for exclusive possession of city blocks with Negro blocks rapidly being converted to overcrowded multiple housing.* This article is built on the hypothesis that such development is not an inherent feature of race relations in the current

Philippine Values and Martial Law

When President Ferdinand E. Marcos of the Philippines proclaimed martial law on 22 September 1972, it looked as though this signified the abandonment of American values and influence. Indeed, his foreign minister, Carlos Romulo, justified the new dictatorship on the grounds that democracy was not viable in a country like the Philippines which lacked a substantial middle-class population, and he hailed the Marcos regime as a step away from American ideals ill-suited to a developing Oriental country. As Romulo indicates, the Marcos government is a major shift from the democratic practices inherited from the American period.

Book Review: Ethnicity and Nation-Building: Comparative, International, and Historical PerspectivesEthnicity and Nation-Building: Comparative, International, and Historical Perspectives. By BellWendell & FreemanWalter E., eds. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc., 1974. Pp. 400.

German-Americans had a rich ethnic culture in spite of, rather than because of, recurring waves of nativist intolerance. He sees the war as the traumatic climax of an ethno-cultural struggle between the dominant English core culture and the assertive ethnic counter culture of the GermanAmericans. The crisis of the war did not create conflicts between the two cultures, rather war was the occasion that converted latent tensions into manifest hostility. Luebke poses key questions on the dynamics of a multi-ethnic nation. GermanAmerican culture was the only major ethnic culture to match the dominant core culture in America. The clash of the two cultures was symbolized in contests over Sabbatarianism, prohibition, suffrage, compulsory education, immigration education, etc. German-Americans believed America was not a nation with a uniform ethnic identity, but a pluralistic society in which members of all ethnic groups could be just as American as persons with English antecedents. The core culture equated English culture with Americanism. Luebke brilliantly analyzes the various elements in German-America: Jew, Catholic, Sectarian and Lutheran. It is the first original synthesis since 1940 (John Hawgood, The Tragedy of German-America). This outstanding portrayal of a greatly misunderstood major ethnic group contrasts sharply with the shoddy scholarship and disgusting superficiality of recent books on the German-Americans. During World War I serious efforts were made to destroy the culture of Americas major ethnic group. This book examines the roots of this intolerance. Appended to the text is a bibliographical essay. Anyone interested in the problem of the preservation of ethnic culture in America should consider the central thesis of this important work.

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The functions of myths, rites, and status symbols were to integrate advertising men into a cohesive social group, give each participant a respectable conception of his occupation, and raise the status of advertising men in the business community. Ceremonial behavior gave collective representation to the desired relations of advertising men with one another and, as an occupational group, with the community. They were most elaborate and occurred most frequently during the critical phase in the history of the advertising industry after problems arose that could not be satisfactorily controlled through individual effort and while voluntary controls were being established through collective action. Ceremonial behavior integrated advertising men for collective attack on the various technical problems that faced them, such as resistance to the use of advertising on the part of consumers, merchants, and some manufacturers, methods of compensating agents, and unreliable data on circulations of newspapers and periodicals. These problems were solved through the efforts of specialized trade associations which mobilized advertising men, neutralized the opposition, and established and maintained new trade practices that stabilized the contingencies of successful business.10 The prestige of advertising men in the opinions of other businessmen may have been increased directly by the development of an impressive ceremonial system. But more important in raising their status was the indirect effect of ceremonial behavior which created a solidarity that enabled advertising men to deal with other businessmen as peers when establishing new trade practices by collective action.