Christelle Adam-Guillermin

Uranium bioaccumulation and biological disorders induced in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after a depleted uranium waterborne exposure

Because of its toxicity and its ubiquity within aquatic compartments, uranium (U) represents a significant hazard to aquatic species such as fish. In a previous study, we investigated some biological responses in zebrafish either exposed to depleted or to enriched U (i.e., to different radiological activities). However, results required further experiments to better understand biological responses. Moreover, we failed to clearly demonstrate a significant relationship between biological effects and U radiological activity. We therefore chose to herein examine U bioaccumulation and induced effects in zebrafish according to a chemical dose-response approach. Results showed that U is highly bioconcentrated in fish, according to a time- and concentration-dependent model. Additionally, hepatic antioxidant defenses, red blood cells DNA integrity and brain acetylcholinesterase activity were found to be significantly altered. Generally, the higher the U concentration, the sooner and/or the greater the effect, suggesting a close relationship between accumulation and effect.

Developmental energetics of zebrafish, Danio rerio

Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a case study, we show that the maturity concept of Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is a useful metric for developmental state. Maturity does not depend on food or temperature contrary to age and to some extent length. We compile the maturity levels for each developmental milestone recorded in staging atlases. The analysis of feeding, growth, reproduction and aging patterns throughout the embryo, juvenile and adult life stages are well-captured by a simple extension of the standard DEB model and reveals that embryo development is slow relative to adults. A threefold acceleration of development occurs during the larval period. Moreover we demonstrate that growth and reproduction depend on food in predictable ways and their simultaneous observation is necessary to estimate parameters. We used data on diverse aspects of the energy budget simultaneously for parameter estimation using the covariation method. The lowest mean food intake level to initiate reproduction was found to be as high as 0.6 times the maximum level. The digestion efficiency for Tetramin™ was around 0.5, growth efficiency was just 0.7 and the value for the allocation fraction to soma (0.44) was close to the one that maximizes ultimate reproduction.

Selenate bioaccumulation and toxicity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Influence of ambient sulphate ion concentration

The aim of the present study was to investigate selenate toxicity in the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a function of sulphate ion concentration and the relationship with intracellular bioaccumulation. The toxicity of selenate was evaluated by measuring the effect of different selenate concentrations on algal growth during a 96h exposure period. A non-linear regression according to the Hill model was used to describe the dose-effect relationship and estimate the effect concentrations (EC) of selenate. EC(50) values of 0.40[0.24-0.52]micromolL(-1) and of 3.10[1.65-4.86]micromolL(-1) of ambient selenate were obtained, at 8 and 80micromolL(-1) of sulphate ions in the medium, respectively. For non-toxic and low-level ambient selenate concentrations, bioaccumulation in presence of 80micromolL(-1) was one tenth that of 8micromolL(-1) of sulphate ions. When expressed as intracellular selenium burden, EC(50) values determined at 8 and 80micromolL(-1) of sulphate ions were not significantly different (126 and 67nmolSe.10(9)cells(-1), respectively). In conclusion, toxicity appeared to be correlated to selenate bioaccumulation which suggests that toxicity must be linked to intracellular selenium accumulation that is directly dependent on ambient sulphate ions that may compete with selenate for transport sites.

Mitochondrial energetic metabolism perturbations in skeletal muscles and brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to low concentrations of waterborne uranium.

Anthropogenic release of uranium (U), originating from the nuclear fuel cycle or military activities, may considerably increase U concentrations in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems above the naturally occurring background levels found throughout the environment. With a projected increase in the world-wide use of nuclear power, it is important to improve our understanding of the possible effects of this metal on the aquatic fauna at concentrations commensurate with the provisional drinking water guideline value of the World Health Organization (15 μg U/L). The present study has examined the mitochondrial function in brain and skeletal muscles of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, exposed to 30 and 100 μg/L of waterborne U for 10 and 28 days. At the lower concentration, the basal mitochondrial respiration rate was increased in brain at day 10 and in muscles at day 28. This is due to an increase of the inner mitochondrial membrane permeability, resulting in a decrease of the respiratory control ratio. In addition, levels of cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX-IV) increased in brain at day 10, and those of COX-I increased in muscles at day 28. Histological analyses performed by transmission electron microscopy revealed an alteration of myofibrils and a dilatation of endomysium in muscle cells. These effects were largest at the lowest concentration, following 28 days of exposure.

Genotoxicity of acute and chronic gamma‐irradiation on zebrafish cells and consequences for embryo development

The effects of radiation on biological systems have been studied for many years, and it is now accepted that direct damage to DNA from radiation is the triggering event leading to biological effects. In the present study, DNA damage induced by acute or chronic irradiation was compared at the cellular (zebrafish [Danio rerio] cell line ZF4) and developmental (embryo) levels. Zebrafish ZF4 cells and embryos (at 3 h postfertilization) were exposed within ranges of acute doses (0.3-2 Gy/d) or chronic dose rates (0.1-0.75 Gy/d). DNA damage was assessed by immunodetection of γ-H2AX and DNA-PK (DNA double-strand breaks) and the alkaline comet assay (DNA single-strand breaks). Zebrafish embryo development and DNA damage were examined after 120 h. At low doses, chronic irradiation induced more residual DNA damage than acute irradiation, but embryo development was normal. From 0.3 Gy, a hyper-radiosensitivity phenomenon compared to other species was shown for acute exposure with an increase of DNA damage, an impairment of hatching success, and larvae abnormalities. These results suggest a dose-dependent correlation between unrepaired DNA damage and abnormalities in embryo development, supporting the use of DNA repair proteins as predictive biomarkers of ionizing radiation exposure. This could have important implications for environmental protection.

Genotoxicity of uranium contamination in embryonic zebrafish cells.

Uranium is a metal used in the nuclear industry and for military applications. Studies on mammals have shown that uranium is genotoxic. However the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the genotoxicity of uranium are poorly known for other types of vertebrates such as fish. Since unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered to be key lesions in cell lethality, the activity of one of the major DSB-repair pathways, i.e. non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), has been evaluated in embryonic zebrafish cells (ZF4) exposed to uranium. Genotoxicity of uranium in ZF4 cells was further assessed by comet and micronucleus assays. Exposure to uranium results in the production of DSBs a few hours after incubation. These breaks trigger the phosphorylation of H2AX proteins. We showed that the DNA-PK kinase activity, essential for NHEJ, is altered by the presence of uranium. The presence of uranium in cells disturbs but does not inhibit the repair rate of DSBs. Such a result suggests an impact of uranium upon the reparability of DSBs and the potential activation of alternative DSBs repair pathway leading to the propagation of possible misrepaired DSBs. In parallel, we performed a transmission electron microscopy analysis of cells exposed to uranium and were able to localize internalized uranium using an Energy Dispersive X-ray microanalyser. We observed the formation of precipitates in lysosome-like vesicles for 250 μM of uranium in the medium. The appearance of these precipitates is concomitant with the decrease of the number of DSBs per cell. This process might be a part of a defence system whose role in counteracting cytotoxicity calls for further dedicated research.

Low Doses of Gamma-Irradiation Induce an Early Bystander Effect in Zebrafish Cells Which Is Sufficient to Radioprotect Cells

The term “bystander effect” is used to describe an effect in which cells that have not been exposed to radiation are affected by irradiated cells though various intracellular signaling mechanisms. In this study we analyzed the kinetics and mechanisms of bystander effect and radioadaptation in embryonic zebrafish cells (ZF4) exposed to chronic low dose of gamma rays. ZF4 cells were irradiated for 4 hours with total doses of gamma irradiation ranging from 0.01–0.1 Gy. In two experimental conditions, the transfer of irradiated cells or culture medium from irradiated cells results in the occurrence of DNA double strand breaks in non-irradiated cells (assessed by the number of γ-H2AX foci) that are repaired at 24 hours post-irradiation whatever the dose. At low total irradiation doses the bystander effect observed does not affect DNA repair mechanisms in targeted and bystander cells. An increase in global methylation of ZF4 cells was observed in irradiated cells and bystander cells compared to control cells. We observed that pre-irradiated cells which are then irradiated for a second time with the same doses contained significantly less γ-H2AX foci than in 24 h gamma-irradiated control cells. We also showed that bystander cells that have been in contact with the pre-irradiated cells and then irradiated alone present less γ-H2AX foci compared to the control cells. This radioadaptation effect is significantly more pronounced at the highest doses. To determine the factors involved in the early events of the bystander effect, we performed an extensive comparative proteomic study of the ZF4 secretomes upon irradiation. In the experimental conditions assayed here, we showed that the early events of bystander effect are probably not due to the secretion of specific proteins neither the oxidation of these secreted proteins. These results suggest that early bystander effect may be due probably to a combination of multiple factors.

Sublethal effects of waterborne uranium exposures on the zebrafish brain:transcriptional responses and alterations of the olfactory bulb ultrastructure

The toxic action modes of uranium (U) in fish are still scarcely known. U is known to modify the acetylcholinesterase activity in the fish brain. To gain further insight into U neurotoxicity in fish, we examined transcriptional responses in the brain of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, exposed to 15 microg L(-1) and 100 microg L(-1) of waterborne U for 3 and 10 days. In parallel, an ultrastructure analysis of the neuropil of the olfactory bulb, an area in the brain of fish sensitive to metal contamination, was performed after 10 days of U exposure. This combined transcriptomic and histological study is the first report performed in the brain and specifically the olfactory bulb of fish exposed to U. We found that 56 transcripts responded to the metal exposure, and the anatomical structure of the olfactory bulb was damaged. The greatest gene response occurred at the lower U concentration and the numbers of responding genes common to any two U exposures were much smaller than those unique to each exposure. These data showed that the intensity of gene response may not correlate positively with toxicant concentrations according to our experimental design. Instead, different patterns of gene expression are expected for each exposure. Gene responses were categorized into eight functional classes, and the transcriptional responses of genes involved in the olfactory system were significantly affected. Collectively, the data suggest that genes in the olfactory region may be ecologically relevant and sensitive transcriptional biomarkers of U waterborne exposure.

Ultrastructural effects on gill, muscle, and gonadal tissues induced in zebrafish (Danio rerio) by a waterborne uranium exposure

Experiments on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were conducted to assess histopathological effects induced on gill, muscle, and gonadal tissues after waterborne uranium exposure. Although histopathology is often employed as a tool for the detection and assessment of xenobiotic-mediated effects in aquatic organisms, few studies have been dedicated to the investigation of histopathological consequences of uranium exposure in fish. Results showed that gill tissue architecture was markedly disrupted. Major symptoms were alterations of the secondary lamellae epithelium (from extensive oedema to desquamation), hyperplasia of chloride cells, and breakdown of the pillar cell system. Muscle histology was also affected. Degeneration and disorganization of myofibrillar sarcomeric pattern as well as abnormal localization of mitochondria within muscle and altered endomysial sheaths were observed. Morphological alterations of spermatozoa within the gonadal tissue were also noticed. This study demonstrated that uranium exposure induced a variety of histological impairments in fish, supporting environmental concerns when uranium contaminates aquatic systems.

Effects of depleted uranium on the reproductive success and F1 generation survival of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Despite the well-characterized occurrence of uranium (U) in the aquatic environment, very little is known about the chronic exposure of fish to low levels of U and its potential effect on reproduction. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effects of environmental concentrations of depleted U on the reproductive output of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and on survival and development of the F1 embryo-larvae following parental exposure to U. For that purpose, sexually mature male and female zebrafish were exposed to 20 and 250 μg/L of U for 14 days and allowed to reproduce in clean water during a further 14-day period. At all sampling times, whole-body vitellogenin concentrations and gonad histology were analyzed to investigate the effects of U exposure on these reproductive endpoints. In addition, accumulation of U in the gonads and its genotoxic effect on male and female gonad cells were quantified. The results showed that U strongly affected the capability of fish to reproduce and to generate viable individuals as evidenced by the inhibition of egg production and the increased rate of mortality of the F1 embryos. Interestingly, U exposure resulted in decreased circulating concentrations of vitellogenin in females. Increased concentrations of U were observed in gonads and eggs, which were most likely responsible for the genotoxic effects seen in fish gonads and in embryos exposed maternally to U. Altogether, these findings highlight the negative effect of environmentally relevant concentrations of U which alter the reproductive capability of fish and impair the genetic integrity of F1 embryos raising further concern regarding its effect at the population level.