Christiane Garcia Vilela Nunes

Valores energéticos de subprodutos de origem animal para aves

Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizavel aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizavel aparente corrigida pelo balanco de nitrogenio (EMAn) e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente (CMA) e aparente corrigida pelo balanco de nitrogenio (CMAn) de cinco alimentos. Cento e vinte pintos de corte com 21 dias de idade foram distribuidos aleatoriamente em seis tratamentos (uma racao-referencia e cinco racoes-teste) e quatro repeticoes de cinco aves. Os alimentos avaliados foram: residuo de incubatorio (RI), farinha de penas (FP), farinha de visceras de aves (FVA) e duas farinhas de carne e ossos (FCO 1 e FCO 2). Os alimentos substituiram em 20% a racao-referencia. Para determinacao dos valores de EMA e EMAn, foi utilizado o metodo tradicional de coleta total de excretas. Os valores de EMA, expressos em kcal/kg de materia natural (MN), para os alimentos RI, FP, FVA, FCO 1 e FCO 2, foram de 1.495, 2.774, 2.676, 2.537 e 1.652 e os de EMAn, de 1.301, 2.758, 2.384, 2.307 e 1.488, respectivamente. De acordo com os valores de EMA, EMAn e energia bruta (EB), foram calculados os CMA e o CMAn para os alimentos RI, FP, FVA, FCO 1 e FCO 2, que foram, respectivamente, de 60,09; 55,49; 69,31; 67,71 e 51,14, para o CMA, e de 52,26; 55,18; 61,75; 60,85 e 46,07, para o CMAn.

Valores energéticos de diferentes alimentos de origem animal para aves

Objetivou-se determinar, utilizando-se o metodo tradicional de coleta total, os valores de energia metabolizavel aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida (EMAn), verdadeira (EMV) e verdadeira corrigida (EMVn), bem como os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da EB, de 11 alimentos. Avaliaram-se amostras de tres farinhas de visceras de aves (FVA), tres farinhas de penas (FP), duas farinhas de carne e ossos (FCO), duas farinhas de visceras suinas (FVS) e uma farinha de penas e visceras (FPV) de diferentes procedencias. Foram utilizados 360 frangos de corte machos Ross com 21 dias de idade, distribuidos em blocos ao acaso em 11 tratamentos e uma racao-referencia, com duas repeticoes por bloco e cinco aves por unidade experimental. Cada alimento substituiu em 20% a racao-referencia. As aves receberam racao a vontade por 12 dias, sendo os cinco dias finais destinados a coleta total de excretas. Durante os cinco dias de coleta, 30 aves (distribuidas em seis gaiolas) foram mantidas em jejum por 72 horas, sendo as 24 horas iniciais para esvaziamento do trato gastrointestinal e as 48 horas restantes para coleta das excretas, que foram quantificadas e extrapoladas para cinco dias. Os valores de EMA e EMAn, expressos em kcal/kg de MS, foram em media de 1.647 e 1.422 para a FCO, de 2.143 e 1.875 para a FP, de 3.062 e 2.844 para a FVA, de 1.889 e 1.779 para a FVS e de 2.497 a 2.209 para a FPV. Os valores de EMV e EMVn, expressos em kcal/kg de MS, foram em media de 1.753 e 1.462 para a FCO, de 2.269 e 1.452 para a FP, de 3.211 e 2.740 para a FVA, de 2.002 e 1.562 para a FVS e de 2.615 e 1.944 para a FPV.

Coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da energia bruta de diferentes ingredientes para frangos de corte

With the objective of determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), corrected apparent (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and corrected true (TME) values of eight feedstuffs and their respective coefficient of metabolizability, 300 male broiler chickens, Ross, averaging 21 days old, were assigned to eight treatment (feeds) and one reference diet, in three blocks with two replications per block and five birds per experimental unit. The feedstuffs studied were: two sample of wheat grain (WG), two wheat bran (WB), two corn grain (CG), one of sorghum grain (SG) and one of corn gluten feed 21% (21% CGF), which replaced 30% of the reference diet. The birds were ad libitum fed per 12 days, where the last five days were used for the excreta collection. During the five days of collection, 30 birds allotted to six cages were fasted for 72 hours (the initial 24 hours for the emptying of the gastrointestinal tract) and the remaining 48 hours, for excreta collection, which was quantified and extrapolated for five days. The AME and AMEn in kcal/kg DM, were in average of 3.391 and 3.275 for WG, of 2.076 and 1.996 for WB, of 3.862 and 3.768 for CG, of 3.551 and 3.464 for SG and of 1.992 and 1.901 for 21% CGF. To TME and TMEn in kcal/kg DM, were in average of 3.495 and 3.496 for WG, of 2.195 and 2.146 for WB, of 3.981 and 4.040 for CG, of 3.652 and 3.680 for SG and of 2.117 and 1.961 for 21% CGF. The coefficient of metabolizability for gross energy were in average of 68,94%.

Efeito dos teores de cálcio para poedeiras semipesadas durante a fase de pré-postura e no início da postura

The effect of feeding increasing calcium levels for semi-heavy laying hens during the prelay phase and its effects in the four subsequent weeks were evaluated in this trial. Two hundred and eighty-eight Isabrown birds with 16 weeks of age were allotted to a complete randomized design with four treatments, eight replicates and nine birds per experimental unit. The corn and soybean meal-based diets were formulated to meet the bird nutrient requirements, with the exception of calcium levels. The experiment lasted six weeks, when the birds were fed four prelay diets with increasing calcium levels (0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4%) in the period from 16 to 17 weeks of age. During the four subsequent weeks, a diet with 3.8% of calcium was fed for all birds. No treatment effect on weight gain, age at first egg and ash content in the shell of first egg was observed, however linear effect on calcium level retained in the shell was detected. In the four subsequent weeks, the different calcium levels fed in the prelay phase did not affect feed intake, egg production, feed:gain ratio, weights of eggs and shell, shell thickness and calcium concentration in the shell. Shell weight in relation to egg weight, shell weight per unit of area surface and ash content in the shell were affected linearly by treatments. The calcium levels in the prelay diet not affect egg internal and external quality during the first four weeks of laying. The 0.6% calcium nutritional level is recommended for semi-heavy laying hens in the prelay phase.

Efeito do acondicionamento térmico ambiental sobre o desempenho reprodutivo da fêmea suína

The objetive of this experiment was to evaluate a system of thermal artificial condition for gestation sow housing, at Ponte Nova-MG. A total of 95 Cambourough 22® sows from the second parturition were assigned to two treatments. Forty-six sows of treatment one were submitted, during the first 35 days of gestation, to a system of controlled thermal artificial condition (fans and aspersion) which were automatically turned on according to the air temperature (VFN). In treatment two, during the same period 49 sows of the same variety as the first ones were submitted to any artificial thermal condition (SVFN). From 35 days on of gestation to the parturition, all the animals received the same management. The average room temperature for treatments VFN and SVFN were 22.6°C and 23.4°C, respectively. During the hottest hours of the day, this system was efficient to reduce the temperature by 2°C. In spite of such difference, the system could not reduce the room temperature to an adequate level to these animals (18-21oC). For this reason the animals showed high breathing frequency in both treatments, but this was capable to maintain the body temperature of the sows. There were no differences on the evaluated parameters of reprodutive efficiency and progesterone levels. That is why the ventilation and nebulization systems during the autumn is not justified since the temperatures at this time of the year is not high enough to take the animals to a stress condition which could directly affect their reproductive performance.

Níveis de lisina digestível para leitões dos 6 aos 15 kg

Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de diferentes niveis de lisina digestivel na racao sobre o desempenho de leitoes dos 6 aos 15 kg. Foram utilizados 120 leitoes (80 machos castrados e 40 femeas), distribuidos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (1,06; 1,16; 1,26; 1,36 e 1,46% de lisina digestivel na racao), oito repeticoes e tres animais por unidade experimental, mantidos em ambiente termoneutro. Os niveis de lisina digestivel na racao nao influenciaram o consumo diario de racao. Entretanto, o consumo de lisina digestivel, o ganho de peso e a deposicao de proteina corporal aumentaram de forma linear de acordo com os niveis de lisina digestivel na racao. Os niveis de lisina digestivel na racao influenciaram a conversao alimentar, que variou de forma quadratica, reduzindo ate o nivel estimado de 1,41% de lisina digestivel. O nivel estimado de no minimo de 1,46% proporcionou melhores resultados de ganho de peso e deposicao de proteina na carcaca de leitoes dos 6 aos 15 kg mantidos em ambiente termoneutro.

Níveis de lisina em rações para fêmeas suínas em lactação

Foram utilizadas 65 porcas (Large White x Landrace) com 217,36 ± 21,35 kg para avaliacao de diferentes niveis de lisina total (0,950; 1,025; 1,100; 1,175 e 1,250%) na racao para a fase de 21 dias de lactacao. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e 13 repeticoes, sendo a porca considerada a unidade experimental. O consumo total de racao diario foi fixado entre os tratamentos. Os niveis de lisina da racao nao influenciaram o peso das matrizes ao desmame, a perda de peso, a espessura de toucinho (ET) das matrizes, a variacao na ET, a perda de gordura corporal, o numero de leitoes desmamados por leitegada e o intervalo desmama-estro. No entanto, foi verificada reducao linear na perda de proteina corporal, em kg e em porcentagem, e na producao de leite diaria das matrizes suinas com o aumento do nivel de lisina na racao. O ganho de peso da leitegada foi influenciado, reduzindo de forma linear com os tratamentos. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo evidenciaram que, ao consumir menores quantidades de lisina, as matrizes mobilizaram suas reservas corporais proteicas para manutencao do desempenho produtivo. Entretanto, a quantidade de proteina mobilizada por estes animais (2,2 kg, correspondente a 6,45% da proteina corporal) nao foi suficiente para influenciar os parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos. O consumo diario de 45 g de lisina total, correspondente a 40 g de lisina digestivel, atende as exigencias para os desempenhos produtivo e reprodutivo de femeas suinas em lactacao, enquanto o consumo estimado de 58,9 g de lisina total/dia, correspondente a 53,5 g/dia de lisina digestivel, minimiza a perda de proteina corporal durante a lactacao.

Níveis nutricionais de treonina digestível para poedeiras leves no segundo ciclo de produção

In order to determine nutritional requirement of digestible threonine for white-egg laying hens in the second production cycle (from 79 to 95 weeks of age), it was carried out an experiment with 180 commercial Lohmann LSL laying hens, distributed in five diets (0.380; 0.413; 0.446; 0.479 and 0.512% digestible threonine), six replicates and six birds per experiment unit. Levels of threonine in the ration quadratically affected feed intake, feed conversion per mass and per dozen of eggs, laying rate, weight and mass of eggs. It was not observed significant effect of the levels of threonine in the ration on weight gain, Haugh unity, index of yolk and albumen and percentage of yolk and albumen, except for shell percentage, which was quadratically affected. Through statistic analyzes and biological interpretation and using feed conversion per dozen of eggs as a decision parameter, the requirement of digestible threonine in the period from 79 to 95 weeks of age is 0.469%, corresponding to a threonine consumption of 459 mg/bird/day.

Composição química, valores energéticos e aminoácidos digestíveis verdadeiros de farinhas de vísceras para aves

It was aimed to determine energetic and amino acidic composition, coefficients of metabolizity of energy and digestibility of viscera meal for poultry. The method of forced feeding with cecectomized adult cockerel was used. A completely randomized design was used, with 4 different viscera meals (3 of poultry, one from swine, and one in fast), six replications and one cecectomized cockerel per experimental unit. The apparent metabolizable energy values were the following: 2,878; 3,179; 3,005 and 2,145; the values of aparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance were the following: 3,017; 3,487; 3,155; and 2,414 kcal/kg of natural matter, the values of aparent metabolizable energy corrected were: 3,720, 4,016, 3,840 and 2,981kcal/kg of natural matter and the values of aparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance were 3,239, 3,367, 3,350 and 2,372 kcal/kg of natural matter. According to energetic values and gross energy, the apparent metabolizable coefficients were 53.65; 61.96; 60.20 and 46.13; for the correct apparent metabolizability they were 56.22; 67.96; 63.22 and 51.91; for the real metabolizity they were 69.33; 78.28; 76.94 and 64.1; and the values for corrected real metabolizability were 60.36; 65.62; 67.12 and 51.01, for poultry and swine viscera meal. The real digestibility average coefficients of essential and non essential amino acids for poultry and swine viscera meal are 81.20 and 74.55; 75.73 and 67.15; 88.45 and 85.20; 89.27 and 84.35, respectively.

Composição química e aminoacídica e coeficientes de digestibilidade verdadeira dos aminoácidos de farinhas de penas e sangue determinados em galos cecectomizados

Chemical and amino acid composition and true digestibility coefficients of amino acids of feather and blood meals for birds from different suppliers were determined. Thirty cecectomized cocks were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 different feather and blood meals (meals 1, 2, 3 and 4) and one treatment in which the birds remained fasting, with six replications as the experimental unit composed of one rooster. The variations in the chemical composition of the feather and blood meals can be related to the lack of standardization in the processing to which they are submitted. Mean true digestibility coefficients of essential and non essential amino acid for feather and blood meals 1,2, 3 and 4 are 75.14 and 68.41; 73.34 and 67.17; 78.99 and 75.41; 78.55 and 73.40%, respectively.