Ricardo Vianna Nunes

Valores energéticos de subprodutos de origem animal para aves

Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizavel aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizavel aparente corrigida pelo balanco de nitrogenio (EMAn) e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente (CMA) e aparente corrigida pelo balanco de nitrogenio (CMAn) de cinco alimentos. Cento e vinte pintos de corte com 21 dias de idade foram distribuidos aleatoriamente em seis tratamentos (uma racao-referencia e cinco racoes-teste) e quatro repeticoes de cinco aves. Os alimentos avaliados foram: residuo de incubatorio (RI), farinha de penas (FP), farinha de visceras de aves (FVA) e duas farinhas de carne e ossos (FCO 1 e FCO 2). Os alimentos substituiram em 20% a racao-referencia. Para determinacao dos valores de EMA e EMAn, foi utilizado o metodo tradicional de coleta total de excretas. Os valores de EMA, expressos em kcal/kg de materia natural (MN), para os alimentos RI, FP, FVA, FCO 1 e FCO 2, foram de 1.495, 2.774, 2.676, 2.537 e 1.652 e os de EMAn, de 1.301, 2.758, 2.384, 2.307 e 1.488, respectivamente. De acordo com os valores de EMA, EMAn e energia bruta (EB), foram calculados os CMA e o CMAn para os alimentos RI, FP, FVA, FCO 1 e FCO 2, que foram, respectivamente, de 60,09; 55,49; 69,31; 67,71 e 51,14, para o CMA, e de 52,26; 55,18; 61,75; 60,85 e 46,07, para o CMAn.

Composição bromatológica, energia metabolizável e equações de predição da energia do grão e de subprodutos do trigo para pintos de corte

The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values were determined and energy prediction equations obtained using the chemical composition of 11 feedstuffs. The feedstuffs evaluated were: brown flour meal, wheat flour, wheat grain, wheat grain residue, wheat germ, cookies residue, macaroni residue and, four wheat brans. Total excreta collection method was used, with 480 broiler chicks, 16 to 24 days old. A randomized complete design was utilized, with 11 feedstuffs and a basal reference diet, using four replications and ten birds per experimental unit (five males and five females). Each feedstuff replaced the reference diet at the amount of 40%. The feedstuffs AME and AMEn values expressed in kcal/kg of dry matter (DM), varied from 1807 to 1758 for wheat bran 3 and from 4480 to 4339 for cookies residue, respectively. The prediction equations that best estimated (R2 = 98%) AME and AMEn values were those in which crude protein (CP) and/or neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents, were used AME (kcal/kg DM) = 4910,03 - 47,82*CP - 47,77*NDF; and AMEn (kcal/kg DM)= 4754.02 - 48.38*CP - 45.32*NDF.

Aminoácidos Digestíveis Verdadeiros do Milheto, do Milho e Subprodutos do Milho, Determinados com Galos Adultos Cecectomizados 1

The digestibility coefficients and thetrue digestible amino acids contents of corn and corn byproducts were determined by using cecectomized adult cockerels. Each one of the 11 feedstuffs evaluated was fed to six cockerels, consuming 15 g at 8a.m. and 15 g at 4p.m. after fastening by 24 hours. Simultaneously, six cockerels were fasted to determine metabolic and endogenous losses. After determination of the digestibility coefficients and calculation of the digestible amino acids, prediction equations were simulated to predict the corn and corn byproducts composition in lysine (LYS), methionine (MET), methionine + cystine (Met + Cys), threonine (THR) and arginine (ARG), total and digestible, based on chemical composition (crude protein - CP, crude fiber - CF, ether extract - EE and ash). The amino acids digestibility coefficients means (essential and non-essential AA) of the corn samples (1 and 2), quality protein maize and pre-cooked corn, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, corn germ, fine corn germ and free-fat corn germ and of the millets (1 and 2) were 92.02 e 90.69; 88.62 e 87.33; 88.40 e 85.75; 90.20 e 88.99; 95.04 e 94.84; 82.11 e 79.10; 91.84 e 91.30; 92.56 e 91.59; 87.92 e 86.18; 91.04 e 88.70; 93.55 e 93.79%, respectively. The millet shown higher amino acids digestibility and was similar to corn. The equations LYS = 0.26488 + 0.01198CP; MET = -0.01315 + 0.02031PB; Met + Cys = 0.07769 + 0.03448PB; THR = 0.05576 + 0.03410PB and ARG = 0.30805 + 0.02370PB and LYS = 0.23518 + 0.01067PB; MET = -0.02198 + 0.0195PB; Met + Cys = 0.04767 + 0.03143CP; THR = -0.01738 + 0.03156PB e ARG = 0.28013 + 0.02318PB should be used to predict the total and digestible amino acids contents, respectively, of the corn and corn byproducts.

Valores energéticos de diferentes alimentos de origem animal para aves

Objetivou-se determinar, utilizando-se o metodo tradicional de coleta total, os valores de energia metabolizavel aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida (EMAn), verdadeira (EMV) e verdadeira corrigida (EMVn), bem como os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da EB, de 11 alimentos. Avaliaram-se amostras de tres farinhas de visceras de aves (FVA), tres farinhas de penas (FP), duas farinhas de carne e ossos (FCO), duas farinhas de visceras suinas (FVS) e uma farinha de penas e visceras (FPV) de diferentes procedencias. Foram utilizados 360 frangos de corte machos Ross com 21 dias de idade, distribuidos em blocos ao acaso em 11 tratamentos e uma racao-referencia, com duas repeticoes por bloco e cinco aves por unidade experimental. Cada alimento substituiu em 20% a racao-referencia. As aves receberam racao a vontade por 12 dias, sendo os cinco dias finais destinados a coleta total de excretas. Durante os cinco dias de coleta, 30 aves (distribuidas em seis gaiolas) foram mantidas em jejum por 72 horas, sendo as 24 horas iniciais para esvaziamento do trato gastrointestinal e as 48 horas restantes para coleta das excretas, que foram quantificadas e extrapoladas para cinco dias. Os valores de EMA e EMAn, expressos em kcal/kg de MS, foram em media de 1.647 e 1.422 para a FCO, de 2.143 e 1.875 para a FP, de 3.062 e 2.844 para a FVA, de 1.889 e 1.779 para a FVS e de 2.497 a 2.209 para a FPV. Os valores de EMV e EMVn, expressos em kcal/kg de MS, foram em media de 1.753 e 1.462 para a FCO, de 2.269 e 1.452 para a FP, de 3.211 e 2.740 para a FVA, de 2.002 e 1.562 para a FVS e de 2.615 e 1.944 para a FPV.

Exigência nutricional de lisina digestível para poedeiras leves no segundo ciclo de produção

Com o objetivo de determinar a exigencia nutricional de lisina digestivel para poedeiras de segundo ciclo de producao, no periodo de 79 a 95 semanas de idade, foi conduzido um experimento utilizando 180 poedeiras Lohmann LSL leves, distribuidas em cinco niveis de lisina digestivel (0,555; 0,605; 0,655; 0,705; e 0,755%), seis repeticoes e seis aves por unidade experimental. Foi observado efeito quadratico dos niveis de lisina sobre consumo de racao, ganho de peso, conversao alimentar/massa de ovos, peso e massa de ovos. Para as caracteristicas consumo de lisina, conversao alimentar/duzia e taxa de postura, foi observado efeito linear positivo dos niveis de lisina. A porcentagem dos componentes dos ovos e a qualidade interna nao foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos, com excecao da porcentagem de casca e do indice de gema, que apresentaram efeito linear negativo. Embora tenha sido obtido efeito quadratico para massa de ovos e conversao alimentar/massa de ovos, estas caracteristicas nao foram utilizadas para determinacao da exigencia de lisina digestivel para as aves leves, visto que nao atenderiam a exigencia de lisina encontrada para os demais parâmetros. Deste modo, a exigencia estimada de lisina digestivel para as poedeiras leves, mediante efeito linear, foi maior ou igual a 0,755%, o que corresponde a um consumo de pelo menos 885 mg de lisina digestivel/ave/dia.

Níveis de metionina + cistina para frangos de corte nos períodos de 22 a 42 e de 43 a 49 dias de idade

Two experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating the methionine + cystine (Met + Cis) requirements, for Ross broilers, males, from 22 to 42 and 43 to 49 days old. Nine hundred broilers averaging initial body weight of 0.800 kg at 22 days old and 2.540 kg at 43 days old were used in each experiment and allotted to a completely randomized experimental design, with six treatments, six replicates and 25 birds for experimental unit. The treatments consisted of six different sinthetic methionine levels (0.00, 0.04, 0.081, 0.121, 0.162 and 0.202%), corresponding to the levels of 0.664, 0.704, 0.744, 0.784, 0.824 and 0.864% and 0.603, 0.643, 0.683, 0.723, 0.763 and 0.803% dietary total methionine + cystine, for the phases from 22 to 42 and from 43 to 49 days old, respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed:gain ratio, carcass yield and the prime cuts yield were evaluated. The methionine + cystine requirements were estimated by regression models. Considering the performance data, the nutritional requirements of total methionine + cystine were 0.823% for high performance and breast yield values, in the period from 22 to 42 days old, and 0.727% for the high performance and low requirements of abdominal fat, in the period from 43 to 49 days old.

Níveis de lisina para frangos de corte nos períodos de 22 a 42 e de 43 a 49 dias de idade, mantendo a relação metionina + cistina

Two experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating the lysine requirements for Ross broilers, males, from 22 to 42 and 43 to 49 days old, maintaining 71% met + cys:lys ratio. Nine hundred broilers averaging initial body weight of 780 g at 22 days old and 2.556 g at 43 days old were used in each experiment and allotted to a completely randomized experimental design, with six treatments, six replicates and 25 birds by experimental unit. The treatments consisted of six different synthetic lysine levels, according to the phase and the fixed ratio. Minimum nutrition requirements, except lysine and met + cys, were met. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed gain ratio, carcass yield and the prime cuts yield were evaluated. The lysine requirements were estimated by the regression models. Considering the performance data, the nutritional requirements of total lysine were of 1.140% for maximum performance, in the period from 22 to 42 days old, and of 1.024% for maximum performance and carcass and breast yield, in the period from 43 to 49 days old.

Digestibilidade verdadeira da lisina HCl e da lisina Sulfato determinada com galos cecectomizados

The objective of this experiment was to determine the true digestibility of lysine HCl and lysine sulfate, with cecectomized adult roosters. Eighteen roosters, 2.854 kg live weight, were cecectomized and kept in cages for a period of 10 days. After two days of adaptation to the cages the animals were fed twice a day during one hour (8:00 a.m. to 9:00 am and 4:00 p.m. to 5:00 pm), for crop dilation to avoid regurgitation of the feed. The forced fed method was utilized, with 12 roosters placed in individual cages equipped with excreta collection pans. The experiment design was complete randomized, with two treatments (two lysine sources) each one with six replicates. Also six birds were fasted to determine the endogenous/metabolic loses. Diets and excreta were analyzed to determine amino acid contents and the true lysine digestibility coefficients calculatted. The true digestibility coefficients, in percentage, were 97.59% for lysine HCl and 98.34% for lysine sulfate, they were not statistically different.

Coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da energia bruta de diferentes ingredientes para frangos de corte

With the objective of determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), corrected apparent (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and corrected true (TME) values of eight feedstuffs and their respective coefficient of metabolizability, 300 male broiler chickens, Ross, averaging 21 days old, were assigned to eight treatment (feeds) and one reference diet, in three blocks with two replications per block and five birds per experimental unit. The feedstuffs studied were: two sample of wheat grain (WG), two wheat bran (WB), two corn grain (CG), one of sorghum grain (SG) and one of corn gluten feed 21% (21% CGF), which replaced 30% of the reference diet. The birds were ad libitum fed per 12 days, where the last five days were used for the excreta collection. During the five days of collection, 30 birds allotted to six cages were fasted for 72 hours (the initial 24 hours for the emptying of the gastrointestinal tract) and the remaining 48 hours, for excreta collection, which was quantified and extrapolated for five days. The AME and AMEn in kcal/kg DM, were in average of 3.391 and 3.275 for WG, of 2.076 and 1.996 for WB, of 3.862 and 3.768 for CG, of 3.551 and 3.464 for SG and of 1.992 and 1.901 for 21% CGF. To TME and TMEn in kcal/kg DM, were in average of 3.495 and 3.496 for WG, of 2.195 and 2.146 for WB, of 3.981 and 4.040 for CG, of 3.652 and 3.680 for SG and of 2.117 and 1.961 for 21% CGF. The coefficient of metabolizability for gross energy were in average of 68,94%.

Nutritional requirement of digestible threonine to brown-egg laying hens on the 2nd cycle of production

The objective of this work is to determine the nutritional requirement of digestible threonine for brown-egg laying hens between 79 to 95 weeks of age. For this experiment, 180 commercial Lohmann Brown laying hens were used, distributed in five digestible threonine levels (0.380; 0.413; 0.446; 0.479 and 0.512%), each one with six replicates and six hens/replicate. It was observed a quadratic effect of threonine levels on the feed intake, egg mass conversions, egg dozen conversions, egg production, egg weight, and egg mass. The digestible threonine intake increased linearly in function of diet threonine levels. It was not observed effect of diet threonine levels for weight gain, yolk index, albumen index, shell percentage, yolk percentage and albumen percentage, except for the Haugh units, which increased in a quadratic way according to digestible threonine levels in the feed. Regarded to the food conversion per egg dozen, the requirement of digestible threonine for commercial hens in the period between 79 to 95 weeks of age is 0.467%, which corresponds to an intake of 462 mg threonine/hen/day.