Cipriano García Gutiérrez

Morfología, Ciclo de Vida y Comportamiento de la Mosca de los Estigmas del Maíz Euxesta stigmatias (Loew) (Diptera: Ulidiidae) en Sinaloa

El maíz, Zea mays L., es el cultivo de grano más importante en Sinaloa, México, con una superficie sembrada de 486,425 ha en los ciclos agrícolas de primavera verano y de otoño-invierno (SAGARPA 2009), el cual ha sido afectado severamente en los últimos años por Euxesta stigmatias (Loew), Eumecosomyia nubila (Wiedemann), y Chaetopsis massyla (Walker) (Cortez et al. 2009), siendo la mosca de los estigmas E. stigmatias, la plaga principal. Las larvas se alimentan de los estigmas y pericarpio de los granos del elote, sumándose a los daños del gusano cogollero Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) y gusano elotero Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Martos 1982), facilitando la entrada de Fusarium spp, causando así la pudrición de la mazorca (Apodaca 2009). Chaetopsis massyla es una plaga primaria del maíz en la Florida EUA (Gaurau et al. 2010), y en Santa Fe, Argentina, lo son E. mazorca Steykal y E. eluta Loew (Bertolaccini et al. 2010). El presente trabajo tuvo como propósito estudiar la morfología y el ciclo de vida de E. stigmatias en laboratorio, así como su comportamiento en maíz híbrido Bisonte, sembrado en los ciclos agrícolas de primavera verano P-V de 2009 y otoño invierno O-I de 2010 en Guasave, Sinaloa. Los insectos se mantuvieron en un módulo de acrílico de 60 x 40 x 30 cm a temperatura ambiente (25-34°C) y 6570% de HR. Los adultos se alimentaron con miel de abeja, vitaminas y agua (0.5:10); se utilizó tomate, Solanum lycopersicum L., como sustrato para la ovoposición. Las larvas se alimentaron con dieta artificial modificada (Bautista 1994), depositando 5 g de dieta/5 larvas en vasitos de plástico pequeños (3 x 3.6 cm) para seguir su desarrollo. Se observaron las principales características morfológicas y se registro la duración de los estados de desarrollo; los huevecillos y larvas pequeñas se midieron en una cámara de Neubauer (Marca Hausser Scientific), siguiendo la técnica para el conteo de Nosema sp. (Brooks 1986), las larvas más grandes, las pupas, y los adultos se midieron con un Vernier digital marca Mitutoyo Japan, Modelo CD-8 CS. En la Fig. 1 se ve que los huevecillos se obtuvieron en grupos de 2-30 (95/hembra), a los 2.0±0.5cv días, siendo de color blanco hialino y de forma alargada, midiendo 0.80 x 0.20 mm. La larva duró 13.0 ± 3.0cv días, es de color blanco-amarillenta, alargada y apoda, con la parte apical más ancha que la posterior, alcanzando 7 mm de largo. La pupa duró 7.0 ± 2.0cv días, de color amarillo-rojizo-café oscuro, con un extremo redondeado, mide 5 x 1.3 mm. El adulto se distingue por el tórax verde oscuro metálico y ojos café-rojizo, con cuatro

Recolección de Frutos Después de la Cosecha para Reducir la Infestación de la Broca del Café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) en Santiago de Cuba

Resumen. La broca del café Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) es una plaga primaria del café en todo el mundo. En Cuba a partir de su aparición en 1995, los productores se han enfrentado a pérdidas equivalentes a 48.2 millones de dólares y los prejuicios por incremento de gastos anuales son de 21.4 millones de dólares. Se determinó el daño causado por esta plaga en los frutos de café de plantaciones de Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner. La estimación de daños se realizó de enero a febrero del 2010 en seis fincas productivas de una hectárea en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba. En los frutos se encontraron todos las etapas de desarrollo, prevaleciendo los adultos (35%) y larvas (33%), y un índice de infestación de 1.32 a 1.81 insectos/planta. Hubo diferencias entre los sitios con diferente nivel de infestación de broca con una correlación de r = 0.87, lo que indicó que existe relación entre las variables analizadas. Se demostró en este estudio que los frutos que permanecen en la planta después de la cosecha y los que quedan en el suelo constituyen un riesgo de infestación de broca. Se realizó una colección total de 19,326 a 104,958 frutos en los seis sitios monitoreados después de la cosecha y la población de broca observada fue de 35,986 a 134,446 insectos/ha.

Teleconexiones atmosféricas-oceánicas (océanos Pacífico y Atlántico) moduladoras de veranos húmedos y secos en el Núcleo del Monzón de Norte América

In recent decades, irregular rainfall has evidenced a number of adverse environmental and socioeconomic effects worldwide. The goal of this study was to analyze the ability of four Regional Climatic Models (RCMs) forced by ERA-Interim to capture the humid and dry extreme monsoons in the Core North American Monsoon (CNAM), considering the oceanic mechanisms of the Pacific and Atlantic. From available databases in the network and for the period 1990-2008, we obtained: 1) average observations (obs mean); after obtaining four sets of observed precipitation data: UDel, CLICOM, GPCP and CRU, 2) from the Coordinated Regional Scale Reduction Experiment (CORDEX) -of North America (NA), four RCMs were obtained forced by ERA-Interim, 3) number and intensity of Pacific hurricanes, and 4) calculation of Caribbean Low Level Jet (CLLJ) anomalies, the Filtered Variance (VF), the Decadal Pacific Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Two extreme monsoons were selected: one wet (1990) and one dry (2005). To all the data, they were applied the test of normality of Shapiro Wilk. It was calculated a Pearson correlation and a hypothesis test, with a confidence level of 95% (P<0.05) and 99% (P<0.01) between the models, Era-Interim, the observations and oceanic indexes. Regardless of the oceanic indexes, HadGEM3-RA and ERA-Interim were the that better captured precipitation in wet monsoons; And ERA-Interim and Reg1 proved to be better at capturing precipitation for dry monsoons. The 1990 monsoon presented almost twice as much precipitation as the monsoon of 2005. This wet anomaly could be associated with the occurrence of 16 hurricanes near the Gulf of California by 1990, since in 2005, only 7 hurricanes occurred. VF and CLLJ are inversely proportional and are two significant predictors of wet monsoons in the CNAM. ERA-Interim better captures precipitation in extreme wet years. PDO, was significantly and negatively correlated with REMO (Pr = -0.90) and CLLJ (Pr = -0.90), that is to say, REMO has no ability to capture dry monsoons that occur when -PDO (La Niña) and -CLLJ (La Niña) [A RT ÍC UL O RE TR AC TA DO ] Llanes Cárdenas, Omar et al. Nova Scientia, No 19, Vol. 9 (2), 2017. ISSN 2007 – 0705, pp.: 348-371 351 phases are present. The dry events are significantly associated with the occurrence of -PDO (La Niña) phase anomalies and not with the occurrence of -CLLJ (La Niña) phase anomalies. This methodology is an effective alternative to predict extreme hydroclimatic events in CNAM, especially when there is no data from weather stations.

RETRACTED: Teleconnections atmospheric-oceanic (Pacific and Atlantic oceans) modulating the wet and dry summers in the Core North American Monsoon

In recent decades, irregular rainfall has evidenced a number of adverse environmental and socioeconomic effects worldwide. The goal of this study was to analyze the ability of four Regional Climatic Models (RCMs) forced by ERA-Interim to capture the humid and dry extreme monsoons in the Core North American Monsoon (CNAM), considering the oceanic mechanisms of the Pacific and Atlantic. From available databases in the network and for the period 1990-2008, we obtained: 1) average observations (obs mean); after obtaining four sets of observed precipitation data: UDel, CLICOM, GPCP and CRU, 2) from the Coordinated Regional Scale Reduction Experiment (CORDEX) -of North America (NA), four RCMs were obtained forced by ERA-Interim, 3) number and intensity of Pacific hurricanes, and 4) calculation of Caribbean Low Level Jet (CLLJ) anomalies, the Filtered Variance (VF), the Decadal Pacific Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Two extreme monsoons were selected: one wet (1990) and one dry (2005). To all the data, they were applied the test of normality of Shapiro Wilk. It was calculated a Pearson correlation and a hypothesis test, with a confidence level of 95% (P<0.05) and 99% (P<0.01) between the models, Era-Interim, the observations and oceanic indexes. Regardless of the oceanic indexes, HadGEM3-RA and ERA-Interim were the that better captured precipitation in wet monsoons; And ERA-Interim and Reg1 proved to be better at capturing precipitation for dry monsoons. The 1990 monsoon presented almost twice as much precipitation as the monsoon of 2005. This wet anomaly could be associated with the occurrence of 16 hurricanes near the Gulf of California by 1990, since in 2005, only 7 hurricanes occurred. VF and CLLJ are inversely proportional and are two significant predictors of wet monsoons in the CNAM. ERA-Interim better captures precipitation in extreme wet years. PDO, was significantly and negatively correlated with REMO (Pr = -0.90) and CLLJ (Pr = -0.90), that is to say, REMO has no ability to capture dry monsoons that occur when -PDO (La Niña) and -CLLJ (La Niña) [A RT ÍC UL O RE TR AC TA DO ] Llanes Cárdenas, Omar et al. Nova Scientia, No 19, Vol. 9 (2), 2017. ISSN 2007 – 0705, pp.: 348-371 351 phases are present. The dry events are significantly associated with the occurrence of -PDO (La Niña) phase anomalies and not with the occurrence of -CLLJ (La Niña) phase anomalies. This methodology is an effective alternative to predict extreme hydroclimatic events in CNAM, especially when there is no data from weather stations.

Identificación Molecular y Actividad Patogénica de Aislamientos de Beauveria bassiana contra Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract. Twenty two monosporic Beauveria bassiana isolates obtained from maize soil were identified by molecular techniques. Genomic DNA was amplified by PCR using the primers pair ITS1 and ITS4. These primers amplified for 550 bp fragment that includes part of the 18 S subunit, ITS1, 5.8 S subunit, ITS2, and 28 S subunit of the ribosomal DNA. The DNA was cloned with E coli JM 109, and then a new PCR was carried out using the M13F and M13R primers. After that, the DNA product was sequenced it was assessed by the NCBI BLAST program, resulting a homology of 99% with other species of B. bassiana in the GeneBank. Ten monosporic B. bassiana isolates were evaluated at 1.2 × 106 conidia/ml against neonate larvae of fall armyworm S. frugiperda. The better isolate of B. bassiana code CIDDB02 with assessed number KP860298 had LC50 of 2.3 × 107 conidia/ml, with 100% of insect mortality 72 h after conidia inoculation. This study allowed us to identify fast and reliably one B. bassiana isolated with highest pathogenic activity against the fall armyworm.