Cleiton Silva Correa

Effects of Strength, Endurance, and Concurrent Training on Aerobic Power and Dynamic Neuromuscular Economy in Elderly Men

Cadore, EL, Pinto, RS, Pinto, SS, Alberton, CL, Correa, CS, Tartaruga, MP, Silva, EM, Almeida, APV, Trindade, GT, and Kruel, LFM. Effects of strength, endurance, and concurrent training on aerobic power and dynamic neuromuscular economy in elderly men. J Strength Cond Res 25(3): 758-766, 2011-The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of concurrent training on endurance capacity and dynamic neuromuscular economy in elderly men. Twenty-three healthy men (65 ± 4 years) were divided into 3 groups: concurrent (CG, n = 8), strength (SG, n = 8), and aerobic training group (EG, n = 7). Each group trained 3 times a week for 12 weeks, strength training, aerobic training, or both types of training in the same session. The maximum aerobic workload (Wmax) and peak oxygen uptake (&OV0312;O2peak) of the subjects were evaluated on a cycle ergometer before and after the training period. Moreover, during the maximal test, muscle activation was measured at each intensity by means of electromyographic signals from the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris long head, and gastrocnemius lateralis to determine the dynamic neuromuscular economy. After training, significant increases in &OV0312;O2peak and Wmax were only found in the CG and EG (p < 0.05), with no difference between groups. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in myoelectric activity of the RF muscle at 50 (EG), 75 and 100 W (EG and CG) and in the VL for the 3 groups at 100 W (p < 0.05). No change was seen in the electrical signal from the lateral gastrocnemius muscle and biceps femoris. The results suggest specificity in adaptations investigated in elderly subjects, because the most marked changes in the neuromuscular economy occurred in the aerobically trained groups.

Neuromuscular economy, strength, and endurance in healthy elderly men.

Cadore, EL, Pinto, RS, Alberton, CL, Pinto, SS, Lhullier, FLR, Tartaruga, MP, Correa, CS, Almeida, APV, Silva, EM, Laitano, O, and Kruel, LFM. Neuromuscular economy, strength, and endurance in healthy elderly men. J Strength Cond Res 25(4): 997-1003, 2011-Declines in muscular strength resulting from reduced neural activity may influence the reduction in aerobic capacity in older men. However, there has been little investigation into the relationship between muscular strength and economy of movement during aerobic exercise in elderly subjects. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between strength, aerobic performance, and neuromuscular economy in older men. Twenty-eight aged men (65 ± 4 years old) were evaluated in dynamic (1 repetition maximum test), isometric strength (maximal voluntary contraction), and rate of force development. Peak oxygen uptake, maximal workload, and ventilatory threshold were determined during a ramp protocol on a cycle ergometer. Throughout the same protocol, the neuromuscular economy (electromyographic signal) of the vastus lateralis was measured. Significant correlations were found between muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and neuromuscular economy (r = 0.43-0.64, p < 0.05). Our results suggest that cardiorespiratory capacity and economy of movement are associated with muscular strength during aging.

Inflammatory markers, endothelial function and cardiovascular risk

The need to study cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has become more and more relevant as their prevalence has increased over the years. An intact endothelial wall is essential to vascular health. Certain factors are responsible for maintaining this tissue intact, including nitric oxide (NO), which provokes dilation of blood vessels in response to shear stress. Expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme, which produces nitric oxide in response to increases in blood flow, is of fundamental importance to maintenance of the vascular system. When this enzyme is inhibited, nitric oxide production is reduced, causing endothelial dysfunction. Since C-reactive protein inhibits production of nitric oxide by the eNOS enzyme, it is one of the causes of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events. The objective of the present study was to review scientific articles in the literature related to the subject ‘inflammatory markers and endothelial function’. A wide-ranging review of the current literature was conducted, using systematic analysis of bibliographic references indexed in PubMed, Scielo, Medline and LILACS database, for the years 1992 to 2013. The studies reviewed show that increases in inflammation causes reductions in NO and increases in cardiovascular events. Increased inflammation is associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases.

Neuromuscular, hormonal, and metabolic responses to different plyometric training volumes in rugby players.

Abstract Cadore, EL, Pinheiro, E, Izquierdo, M, Correa, CS, Radaelli, R, Martins, JB, Lhullier, FLR, Laitano, O, Cardoso, M, and Pinto, RS. Neuromuscular, hormonal, and metabolic responses to different plyometric training volumes in rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 27(11): 3001–3010, 2013—The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different volumes of plyometric exercise (i.e., 100, 200, or 300 hurdle jumps) on acute strength and jump performance and on the acute hormonal and lactate responses in rugby players. Eleven young male elite rugby players (age, 23.5 ± 0.9 years; height, 173 ± 4.8 cm) volunteered for the study. Maximal isometric peak torque (PT), maximal rate of force development (RFD), squat jump (SJ), and drop jump (DJ) performance were assessed before and 5 minutes, 8 hours, and 24 hours after 100, 200, or 300 jumps. In addition, total testosterone (TT), cortisol (COR), and lactate were measured before and after the 3 different plyometric exercise volumes. There were significant decreases in the PT (p < 0.02) and maximal RFD (p < 0.001) 5 minutes, 8 hours, and 24 hours after 100, 200, and 300 jumps, with no differences between the exercise volumes. Additionally, there were significant decreases in the SJ (p < 0.001) and DJ (p < 0.01) performances 24 hours after 100, 200, and 300 jumps, with no differences between the exercise volumes. However, there were significant increases in the TT (p < 0.001), COR (p < 0.05), and lactate (p < 0.001) after 100, 200, and 300 jumps, with no differences between the exercise volumes. All plyometric exercise volumes (100, 200, and 300 jumps) resulted in similar neuromuscular, metabolic, and hormonal responses.

Effects of strength training, detraining and retraining in muscle strength, hypertrophy and functional tasks in older female adults

Previous studies presented different results regarding the maintenance time of muscular adaptations after strength training and the ability to resume the gains on muscular performance after resumption of the training programme.

High-volume resistance training reduces postprandial lipaemia in postmenopausal women

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 11 weeks of low-volume resistance training (LVRT) and high-volume resistance training (HVRT) on muscle strength, muscle thickness (MT), and postprandial lipaemia (PPL) in postmenopausal women. Thirty-six healthy and untrained postmenopausal women (age, 58.9 ± 5.8 years; 68.6 ± 10.3 kg; and BMI, 26.9 ± 4.8 kg · m−2) participated in resistance training 3× per week for 11 weeks (HVRT = 12; LVRT = 13; and control group = 11). Biochemical variables, both pretraining and post-training, were evaluated 16 h after the administration of an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) and metabolic variable during [energy expenditure (EE)] and after training session [excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)]. Muscle strength (1 RM) and MT were also calculated, and no significant differences were observed between the groups for PPL (mmol · L−1 per 5 h) as measured by glucose, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. EE total (EE + EPOC; 6.12 ± 1.21 MJ vs. 2.26 ± 0.85 MJ), resting fat oxidation (5.52 ± 1.69 g · h−1 vs. 4.11 ± 1.12 g · h−1); MT (vastus medialis, 21.4 ± 1.8 mm vs. 18.4 ± 1.2 mm and vastus lateralis 22.3 ± 1.2 mm vs. 20.8 ± 1.3 mm); triacylglycerol (TAG) 0, 1, 2, 4; and 5 h after OFTT, TAG area under the curve (AUC) (5.79 ± 0.42 vs. 7.78 ± 0.68), and incremental AUC (−46.21 ± 14.42% vs. 7.78 ± 4.68%) were all significantly different post-training for HVRT versus LVRT, respectively (P < 0.05). The results of this investigation suggest that HVRT reduces PPL in postmenopausal women.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKLOAD AND NEUROMUSCULAR ACTIVITY IN THE BENCH PRESS EXERCISE

Objective: To investigate the relationship between strength and electromyographic (EMG) signal in different intensities in the bench press exercise. Methods: Eleven healthy resistance trained men (22.8 ± 3.5) participated into the present study. Maximal isometric strength was determined in the bench press exercise using a load cell. Muscle activation was assessed using surface elec- tromyography (EMG) signals from the muscles pectoralis major, anterior deltoid and posterior deltoid at intensities ranging to 60-90% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), in the bench press exercise. This procedure allowed the analysis of the strength/EMG relationship. Results: In all muscles assessed, there were significant differences in the normalized muscle activation between the intensities of 60 and 70% of the MVC, as well as between 70 and 80% (P<0.05), while there were no differences between 80 and 90% of MVC. In addition, there were significant correlations between strength and EMG signals for the muscles pectoralis major (r=0.43, P=0.04), anterior deltoid (r=0.52, P=0.01), and posterior deltoid (r=0.32, P=0.046). Conclusions: These results suggest that levels of muscle activation near to maximal are obtained at the intensity of 80 of MVC and no additional motor unit recruitment are achieved at 90% of MVC.

PREDICTION OF ONE REPETITION MAXIMUM LOAD BY TOTAL AND LEAN BODY MASS IN TRAINED AND UNTRAINED MEN

Introduction: One  repetition  maximum  test  (1RM)  is  often  used  to  evaluate  muscle  strength  and  to  prescribe  the  in ⴀ tensity  of  strength  training. However,  the  determination  of  the  initial  test  load,  and  duration  of  the  test  make  difficult  to  use the  same  in  non ⴀindividualised  environments. Objective: To determine coefficients to estimate the maximum strength (1RM), based on the relationship between muscular  strength,  lean  body  mass  and  total  body  mass. Methods:  Twenty ⴀeight  strength ⴀtrained  and  non ⴀstrength ⴀtrained  men  participated  in  this  study. Muscle  strength  was determined  using  the  1  RM  test  in  the  bench  press,  supported  barbell  row,  45°  leg  press  and  squat  exercise,  while  body composition  was  measured  using  the  skinfolds  method. After  verifying  the  correlations between  muscular  strength  and  body mass  and  composition,  the  coefficients  to  predict  the  maximal  strength  were  calculated  by  dividing  the  value  of  the  1  RM by  the  total  body  mass  and  lean  body  mass  (kg)  and  by  linear  regression  equation  based  in  these  parameters. Results: Significant  correlations  were  found  between  body  mass  and  lean  body  mass  with  muscular  strength  in  all  the exercises  ( r  =  0.47   ⴀ  0.76, P  <  0.05).  The  greatest  correlations  were  observed  between  the  muscular  strength  values  and lean  body  mass. There  was  a significant  difference  between  the  coefficients  obtained  from  trained  and  non ⴀtrained  subjects in  all  the  tested  exercises  ( P  <  0.05). Conclusions: The  results  suggest  that  the  coefficients  of  prediction  of  the  1RM  should take  into  account  the  body composition  and  the  training  status  of  the  individuals.

Acylated Ghrelin and Circulatory Oxidative Stress Markers Responses to Acute Resistance and Aerobic Exercise in Postmenopausal Women.

BACKGROUND Since exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species in different tissues, the objective of this study is to evaluate, compare and correlate the acute effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in circulatory markers of oxidative stress and acylated ghrelin (AG) in postmenopausal women. METHODS Ten postmenopausal women completed different protocols: a control session (CON), an aerobic exercise session (AERO); and a single-set (SSR) or 3-set (MSR) resistance exercise protocol. RESULTS After exercise, both MSR (P = .06) and AERO (P = .02) sessions showed significant increased lipid peroxidation compared with baseline levels. CON and SSR sessions showed no differences after exercise. No differences were found between sessions at any time for total glutathione, glutathione dissulfide or AG concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Exercise significantly increased lipid peroxidation compared with baseline values. As pro oxidant stimuli is necessary to promote chronic adaptations to the antioxidant defenses induced by exercise, our findings are important to consider when evaluating exercise programs prescription variables aiming quality of life in this population.

Effects of strength training on blood lipoprotein concentrations in postmenopausal women

Strength training is often identified as a contributing factor in prevention of diseases and as a non-pharmacological treatment for metabolic disorders and for control of body mass. Its protective effects and utility for management of disease are amplified in people at risk of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemias, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Recently the benefits of strength training have been used to reduce the risk of these diseases emerging in postmenopausal women, who are at greater risk of CVD than men of the same age. Notwithstanding, little is known about the effects of strength training on metabolism of blood lipoproteins. The objective of this review was to compare the results of articles that have investigated the effects on lipoprotein concentrations of strength training in postmenopausal women. Current articles dealing with the subject, with publication dates from 1979 to 2012 and large numbers of citations by well-known researchers were identified on the Pubmed, Scopus and EBSCO databases. It was concluded that strength training possibly has an action that affects lipoprotein metabolism and concentrations in postmenopausal women.