Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira Macedo

Inflammatory markers, endothelial function and cardiovascular risk

The need to study cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has become more and more relevant as their prevalence has increased over the years. An intact endothelial wall is essential to vascular health. Certain factors are responsible for maintaining this tissue intact, including nitric oxide (NO), which provokes dilation of blood vessels in response to shear stress. Expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme, which produces nitric oxide in response to increases in blood flow, is of fundamental importance to maintenance of the vascular system. When this enzyme is inhibited, nitric oxide production is reduced, causing endothelial dysfunction. Since C-reactive protein inhibits production of nitric oxide by the eNOS enzyme, it is one of the causes of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events. The objective of the present study was to review scientific articles in the literature related to the subject ‘inflammatory markers and endothelial function’. A wide-ranging review of the current literature was conducted, using systematic analysis of bibliographic references indexed in PubMed, Scielo, Medline and LILACS database, for the years 1992 to 2013. The studies reviewed show that increases in inflammation causes reductions in NO and increases in cardiovascular events. Increased inflammation is associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases.

Glucose control can be similarly improved after aquatic or dry-land aerobic training in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of two aerobic training methods in water and on dry-land on glycemic, lipid, inflammatory, hormonal, cardiorespiratory, and functional outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. METHODS Thirty-five patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to aquatic aerobic training group (n=17) or dry-land aerobic training group (n=18). Exercise training interventions had duration of 12 weeks, performed in three weekly sessions (45min/session), with intensity progressing from 85% to 100% of heart rate of anaerobic threshold during interventions. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks later. RESULTS Patients were 56.7±7.9 years old. Decreases in glycated hemoglobin were observed in both groups (AT: -0.42±0.28%, DLT: -0.35±1.8%). Total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein levels, plasma renin activity, angiotensin II concentrations, C-reactive protein, systolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, and timed up and go test performed at the usual speed also decreased in both groups in response to both interventions (p<0.05), without between-group differences. Both groups increased the ratio between oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold and oxygen uptake of peak (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Aerobic training in an aquatic environment provides effects similar to aerobic training in a dry-land environment in patients with type 2 diabetes.

High-volume resistance training reduces postprandial lipaemia in postmenopausal women

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 11 weeks of low-volume resistance training (LVRT) and high-volume resistance training (HVRT) on muscle strength, muscle thickness (MT), and postprandial lipaemia (PPL) in postmenopausal women. Thirty-six healthy and untrained postmenopausal women (age, 58.9 ± 5.8 years; 68.6 ± 10.3 kg; and BMI, 26.9 ± 4.8 kg · m−2) participated in resistance training 3× per week for 11 weeks (HVRT = 12; LVRT = 13; and control group = 11). Biochemical variables, both pretraining and post-training, were evaluated 16 h after the administration of an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) and metabolic variable during [energy expenditure (EE)] and after training session [excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)]. Muscle strength (1 RM) and MT were also calculated, and no significant differences were observed between the groups for PPL (mmol · L−1 per 5 h) as measured by glucose, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. EE total (EE + EPOC; 6.12 ± 1.21 MJ vs. 2.26 ± 0.85 MJ), resting fat oxidation (5.52 ± 1.69 g · h−1 vs. 4.11 ± 1.12 g · h−1); MT (vastus medialis, 21.4 ± 1.8 mm vs. 18.4 ± 1.2 mm and vastus lateralis 22.3 ± 1.2 mm vs. 20.8 ± 1.3 mm); triacylglycerol (TAG) 0, 1, 2, 4; and 5 h after OFTT, TAG area under the curve (AUC) (5.79 ± 0.42 vs. 7.78 ± 0.68), and incremental AUC (−46.21 ± 14.42% vs. 7.78 ± 4.68%) were all significantly different post-training for HVRT versus LVRT, respectively (P < 0.05). The results of this investigation suggest that HVRT reduces PPL in postmenopausal women.

Glycemic, inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to different high-intensity training protocols in type 1 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial

AIMS To investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and/or strength training (ST) on inflammatory, oxidative stress (OS) and glycemic parameters in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) patients. METHODS After a 4-week control period, volunteers were randomly assigned to 10-week HIIT, ST or ST + HIIT protocol, performed 3×/week. Blood biochemistry, anthropometric, strength and cardiopulmonary fitness variables were assessed. Outcomes were analyzed via generalized estimating equations (GEE), with Bonferroni post hoc analysis. RESULTS ST, HIIT and ST + HIIT improved glycemic (HbA1c and fasting glucose) and antioxidant parameters (total antioxidant capacity, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities), but not plasma inflammatory (C-reactive protein, TNF-α and IL-10) or OS markers (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and oxLDL) levels. Noteworthy, interventions reduced soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products levels. However, intracellular heat shock protein 70 content increased only after HIIT. While daily insulin dosage decreased only in the ST + HIIT group, all training models induced anthropometric and functional benefits. CONCLUSIONS Similar benefits afforded by ST, HIIT or ST + HIIT in T1DM people are associated with enhanced antioxidant systems and glucose-related parameter, even in a few weeks. From a practical clinical perspective, the performance of ST + HIIT may be advised for additional benefits regarding insulin dosage reduction.

Combined and Isolated Effects of Alcohol Intake and One Night of Sleep Deprivation on Mood States, Hormonal and Inflammatory Responses in Healthy Male Adults: a Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial

Alcohol (ALC) intake and sleep deprivation (SDP) are conditions that cause changes in the physiological status. However, the relationship between biological markers and mood states is not entirely clear yet. The purpose of the study was to compare isolated and combined effects of ALC intake and SDP on hormonal and inflammatory responses and in changes in the state of mood. Also, we intended to explain possible changes in mood states through biochemical variations using multiple stepwise regression analysis. Ten healthy male were randomized in four situations: (1) placebo intake + normal sleep (PLA + SLE); (2) ALC intake + SLE; (3) PLA intake + SDP; (4) ALC intake + SDP. While subjects ingested ALC (1 g/kg of beer), PLA intake was a non-alcoholic beer. The subjects had one night of SLE or were subjected to SDP in the lab for 8 h. After each experimental condition, morning blood samples were taken for assessments of serum levels of glucose, cortisol, testosterone, epinephrine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The subjects were also asked to fill in a Profile of Mood State questionnaire. The results showed that the glucose level was significant lower in ALC + SDP compared to the PLA + SLE condition. Total Mood Disturbance was lower in ALC + SDP and PLA + SDP compared to the PLA + SLE condition. Fatigue was higher under SDP conditions compared to PLA + SLE. Vigor was lower under the ALC + SDP condition compared to the PLA + SLE condition. Regression analysis showed that Total Mood Disturbance and fatigue under ALC + SDP were associated with changes in the cortisol levels. Our results showed that combined and isolated ALC intake and one night of SDP did not change the hormonal and inflammatory responses tested, and the combined effects caused a reduction in the glucose levels. Vigor, fatigue and Total Mood Disturbance were affected by each condition. Furthermore, Total Mood Disturbance and fatigue were possibly explained by changes in the cortisol levels in the combined condition.

Acylated Ghrelin and Circulatory Oxidative Stress Markers Responses to Acute Resistance and Aerobic Exercise in Postmenopausal Women.

BACKGROUND Since exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species in different tissues, the objective of this study is to evaluate, compare and correlate the acute effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in circulatory markers of oxidative stress and acylated ghrelin (AG) in postmenopausal women. METHODS Ten postmenopausal women completed different protocols: a control session (CON), an aerobic exercise session (AERO); and a single-set (SSR) or 3-set (MSR) resistance exercise protocol. RESULTS After exercise, both MSR (P = .06) and AERO (P = .02) sessions showed significant increased lipid peroxidation compared with baseline levels. CON and SSR sessions showed no differences after exercise. No differences were found between sessions at any time for total glutathione, glutathione dissulfide or AG concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Exercise significantly increased lipid peroxidation compared with baseline values. As pro oxidant stimuli is necessary to promote chronic adaptations to the antioxidant defenses induced by exercise, our findings are important to consider when evaluating exercise programs prescription variables aiming quality of life in this population.