Cristián Lagos Fernández

The Gonyautoxin 2/3 epimers reduces anal tone when injected in the anal sphincter of healthy adults

The primary clinical symptom of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning is acute paralytic illness produced by paralyzing toxins. Paralytic shellfish poison is formed by a mixture of phycotoxins and their toxicity is due to its reversible binding to a receptor site on the voltage-gated sodium channel on excitable cells, thus blocking neuronal transmission. We studied the effect of the gonyautoxin 2/3 epimers by local infiltration in the anal internal sphincter of healthy voluntary adults in order to reduce anal tone. The toxin was injected after prior clinical evaluation, anoscopy and anorectal manometry. Post injection clinical examination, electromyography and anorectal manometry were performed. Resting and voluntary contraction pressures were measured and the anorectal inhibitory and anocortical reflexes were tested by manometry. Blood and urine samples were obtained from each participant, and hemogram, basic metabolic panel, and urinalysis were done both before and one week after the injection. This study shows, for the first time, that gonyautoxin 2/3 reduces the anal tone by relaxing the anal sphincters in 100 % of the participants. Manometric recordings showed a significant decrease in anal maximal voluntary contraction pressure after the toxin injection, dropping to 55.2+/-6.2 % and 47.0+/-6.8% (Mean Value+/-Std.Dev.) of the baseline values at 2 minutes and at 24 hours respectively after the injection. Post-injection electromyography showed that activity of the muscle was abolished. We conclude that local administration of gonyautoxin 2/3 to the anal sphincter produces immediate relaxation and a statistically significant decrease in the anal tone (p <0.001).

Ideologías lingüísticas acerca del mapudungún en la urbe chilena: el saber tradicional y su aplicación a la revitalización lingüística

espanolEn el marco de la antropologia linguistica, y considerando su aplicacion a la planificacion del lenguaje y las lenguas, analizamos las representaciones sociales acerca del mapudungun asociadas al saber tradicional, considerandolas como ideologias linguisticas. En particular, nos enfocamos en aspectos relacionados con la revitalizacion de esta lengua en contextos urbanos de Chile. Contrastando estas representaciones con las que en otros estudios hemos hallado sobre el tema, constatamos que, mientras las ideologias linguisticas de los especialistas dan mayor importancia a la planificacion del corpus y a la ensenanza de la lengua en la escuela y talleres, las reflexiones enunciadas desde el saber tradicional ponen enfasis en el cultivo del estatus linguistico y la promocion social de la lengua, asi como en la centralidad de la recuperacion de los circuitos tradicionales de reproduccion (familia y comunidad) como clave para rescatar el mapudungun. Proponemos que la revitalizacion de esta lengua podria verse beneficiada al tomar en cuenta el saber tradicional, pues permitiria equilibrar las diversas facetas de una actividad tan compleja como es la planificacion linguistica indigena. EnglishWithin the framework of linguistic anthropology and its application to language planning, we analyze the social representations about Mapudungun in traditional knowledge (i.e., the language ideologies of the members of indigenous communities), specifically about those aspects concerning the revitalization of this language in Chile. While specialists give a greater importance to corpus planning and to language teaching in schools and workshops, traditional knowledge place emphasis on the cultivation of language status and on the social promotion of their language, as well as on the recovering of traditional spaces of language reproduction (the family and the community). We propose that the revitalization of Mapudungun could benefit from taking into account traditional knowledge, for this would allow to balance the different facets of such a complex enterprise as indigenous language planning.asociadas al saber tradicional, considerandolas como ideologias linguisti-cas. En particular, nos enfocamos en aspectos relacionados con la revitalizacion de esta lengua en contextos urbanos de Chile. Contrastando estas representaciones con las que en otros estudios hemos hallado sobre el tema, constatamos que, mientras las ideologias linguisticas de los especialistas dan mayor importancia a la planificacion del