Cristiane Gindri Manzoni

Seletividade de agrotóxicos usados na produção integrada de maçã para adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum

The objective of this work was to evaluate the side effects of 12 pesticides used in the integrated production of apple, in laboratory (25±1oC temperature, 70±10% relative humidity and 14 hours photophase), exposing adults of Trichogramma pretiosum to fresh dry pesticide film, in the maximum dosage recommended for field use, with subsequent assessement of the number of eggs parasitized per female. The reduction in the parasitism, compared with the control (water), was used to classify the pesticides as harmless ( 99%). The acaricides Envidor (spirodiclofen), Kendo 50 SC (fenpyroximate) and Ortus 50 SC (fenpyroximate), the fungicides Antracol 700 PM (propineb), Midas BR (famoxadone + mancozeb), Palisade (fluquinconazole), Persist SC (mancozeb) and Systhane PM (myclobutanil) and the insecticide Mimic 240 SC (tebufenozide) were harmless; the herbicide Polaris (glyphosate) was slightly harmful; the herbicides Finale (gluphosinate-ammonium) and Roundup Original (glyphosate) were moderately harmful to T. pretiosum.

Seletividade de formulações de glyphosate a Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

A study was carried out in the laboratory to investigate the side-effects reported in Brazil of eight glyphosate formulations (Roundup®, Roundup® WG, Roundup® Transorb, Polaris®, Gliz® 480 CS, Glifosato Nortox®, Glifosato 480 Agripec® and Zapp® Qi) on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were carried out by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh pesticide residues applied on glass plates at a concentration of 14.4 mg L-1 of acid equivalent of glyphosate. The control group was treated with distilled water. Eggs of the alternative host Anagasta kuehniella (Lep., Pyralidae) were offered to parasitism. The capacity of parasitism per T. pretiosum adult female and the reduction in capacity of parasitism compared with the control group were used to estimate toxicity of the product. The formulations were classified into four categories, according to parasitism reduction: 1, harmless ( 99%). The results showed that the side-effects of the glyphosate formulations were dependent on type of salt and that formulations with potassic salt (Zapp® Qi) and ammonium salt (Roundup® WG) were slightly harmful to T. pretiosum adults. The remaining formulations isopropylamine salt (Roundup®, Roundup Transorb®, Polaris®, Gliz® 480 SC, Glifosato Nortox®, Glifosato 480 Agripec®) were moderately harmful to T. pretiosum adults.

Ação de produtos naturais sobre a sobrevivência de Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) e seletividade de inseticidas utilizados na produção orgânica de videira sobre Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

This work was conducted to study the effect of commercial formulations of insecticides with emphasis on that allowed in the organic production (neem, natural piretro and pirolenhoso extract) to control Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and their performance on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) adults. The insecticides Natuneem® (1500ppm of azadirachtin L-1) and the pirolenhoso extract (Biopirol 7 M®) (250 and 500mL 100L-1) were not efficient in the control of A. sphaleropa when applied over grapevine leaves (Vitis sp.) cultivate Chardonnay. Natural piretro (250 and 500mL 100L-1) resulted in a mortality of 77.65 and 85.88% of insects, respectively 120 hours after application. The secondary effect of insecticides allowed was evaluated on adults of the egg parasitoid T. pretiosum following International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC) methodology. It was observed that Natuneem® (500mL 100L-1), Biopirol 7 M® (500mL 100L-1) and Dipel DF® (100g 100L-1) had been innocuous (<30% parasitism reduction) while natural piretro (250mL 100L-1) was classified as moderately harmful (80-99% of parasitism reduction). Natural piretro in the higher dose (500mL 100L-1) showed a parasitism reduction in more than 99% in the same way that the pattern Lebaycid 500® (100mL 100 L-1).

Susceptibilidade de adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) a fungicidas utilizados no controle de doenças da macieira

This study evaluated the susceptibility under laboratory conditions of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley adults to fungicides recommended by the Integrated Production of Apple (IPA). The bioassays were carried out using the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palearctic Regional Section (WPRS) standard protocols. Twelve selected fungicides were studied in the doses (g or ml active ingredient/100 L) captan 1 (0.115), captan 2 (0.120), kresoxim-methyl (0.010), sulphur 1 (AG) (0.480), sulphur 2 (0.480), folpet (0.105), mancozeb (0.160), pyraclostrobin (0.010), tebuconazole (0.010), tetraconazole (0.005), thiophanate-methyl (0.050) and triforine (0.024). Distilled water was used as the blank treatment and the insecticide triclorfon (0.150) as a positive control. The parasitoids were exposed to dry residues applied on glass plates. The reduction in the capacity of parasitism was used to measure the effect of the chemical in comparison to the blank treatment. Each treatment was replicated four times. The results allowed us to classify the fungicides tested in four categories: 1, harmless ( 99%). 75% of the tested substances were classified as selective (classes 1 and 2) to the parasitoid. The fungicides captan 1, captan 2, kresoxim-methyl, folpet, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl and triforine were harmless; mancozeb was slightly harmful; sulphur 1 (AG) and tetraconazole were moderately harmful and sulphur 2 was harmful. These findings should be taken into account when selecting fungicides to spray apple orchards against fungi diseases to preserve the egg parasitoid T. pretiosum.

Seletividade de agrotóxicos indicados na produção integrada de pêssego a Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae)

The side-effects of pesticides indicated in Technical Norms of the Integrated Production of Peache (NT-IPP) was assessment on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, using the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) standard methodology. The pesticides (% active ingredient) Orthocide 500 (0.120) and Persist SC (0.160) were considered harmless; Hokko Cihexatim 500 (0.025) and Roundup WG (1.387) were slightly harmful; Assist (1.512) was moderately harmful; Sevin 480 SC (0.173), Tiomet 400 CE (0.048), Dipterex 500 (0.150) and Kumulus DF (0.480) were harmful to parasitoids in inicial toxicity test on egg parasitoid T. pretiosum.

Toxicidade de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro sobre adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum

The toxicity of sixteen commercial formulations of pesticides used in peach orchard was assessed on adults of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were carried out using the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palaearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS) standard methodology, under laboratory conditions at temperature of 25±1oC, relative humidity of 70±10% and 14h photophase. The tests were carried out by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh dry pesticide film applied on glass plates and assessed for the number of eggs parasitized by T. pretiosum adult female. Reduction in capacity of parasitism of T. pretiosum female compared with the control (treated with water) was used to measure the effect of the chemical. Pesticides were then classified into four categories, according to the reduction in parasitization (IOBC/WPRS): 1, harmless ( 99%). The fungicides (g of the active ingredient/100L of water) calcium + copper (40+100), dodine (79), folpet (125), iprodion (75), mancozeb (160), mancozeb + copper oxichloride (88+60) and triforine (24) and the insecticide teflubenzuron (3.75) were considered harmless (class 1); the fungicide tebuconazol (20) and the mineral oil (800) were slightly harmful (class 2); the fungicide-acaricide sulphur (480) and the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium (200) were moderately harmful (class 3); the insecticides fenitrothion (75), malathion (200), phosmet (100) and spinosad (6) were harmful (class 4) to T. pretiosum.

Toxicidade de agrotóxicos utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro sobre o parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The toxicity of sixteen commercial formulations of pesticides used in peach production was assessed in the laboratory (25±1oC temperature, 70±10% relative humidity and 14h photophase) on adults of egg parasitoids Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh dry pesticide film applied on glass plates and further evaluation of the capacity of parasitism per adult female. The reduction in capacity of parasitism compared with the control (treated with water) was used to measure the effect of the chemical. Pesticides were then classified into four categories, according to the reduction in parasitization: 1, harmless ( 99%). The pesticides (% commercial formulation in spray water) Captan 500 PM (0.240), Cobre Sandoz BR (0.240), Delan (0.125), Dodex 450 SC (0.175), Rovral SC (0.150) and Intrepid 240 SC (0.060) were harmless; Manzate 800 (0.200) was slightly harmful; Assist (2.000), Finale (1.000) and Roundup (original) (3.000) were moderately harmful; Kumulus DF (0.600), Hokko Cihexatim 500 (0.050), Vertimec 18 CE (0.080), Imidan 500 WP (0.200), Tiomet 400 CE (0.120) and Trebon 100 SC (0.150) were harmful to T. atopovirilia.

Seletividade de agrotóxicos recomendados na produção integrada da maçã a Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) em condições de laboratório

A seletividade de oito agrotoxicos recomendados na Producao Integrada da Maca (PIM) foi avaliada sobre Trichogramma pretiosum Riley em laboratorio, utilizando-se da metodologia padronizada pela International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). Os produtos (% da formulacao comercial na calda) Captan 500 PM (0,240) e Delan (0,125) foram inocuos; Promalin (9,000) foi levemente nocivo; Assist (4,000) e Dormex (1,200) foram moderadamente nocivos; Vertimec 18 CE (0,100), Malathion 1000 CE (0,100) e Supracid 400 CE (0,100) foram nocivos a adultos de T. pretiosum no teste de toxicidade em laboratorio. Os agrotoxicos classificados como moderadamente nocivos e nocivos requerem testes subsequentes de persistencia biologica do produto em casa de vegetacao e de campo.

Persistência de agrotóxicos indicados na produção integrada de pêssego a Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The persistence (duration of harmful activity) of five insecticides indicated in the Integrated Peach Production (IPP) was evaluated by adult exposure of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to insecticide residues on plant leaves at different time intervals after treatment using the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) based on the suggested methodology.The results obtained in relation to the disease persistence will permit to classify the pesticides, commercial formulation/active ingredient (g or mL commercial formulation 100L), Dipterex 500/ trichlorphon (300), Sumithion 500 CE/fenitrothion (150) and Tiomet 400 CE/dimethoate (120) as slightly persistent (5-15 days); the insecticide Malathion 1000 CE/malathion (200) as moderately persistent (16-30 days) and the fungicide Kumulus DF/sulphur (600) as persistent (>31 days) to T. pretiosum adults.

Seletividade de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro nos estágios imaturos de Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Neste trabalho foi avaliada em condicoes de laboratorio a seletividade dos produtos fitossanitarios (g ou mL produto comercial 100L-1) abamectina (80), carbaril (360), deltametrina (40), dimetoato (120), enxofre (600), etofenproxi (150), fentiona (100), fenitrotiona (150), fosmete (200), glufosinato de amonio (2L ha-1), oleo mineral (2000) e triclorfom (300), utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro, em relacao a diferentes estagios imaturos de desenvolvimento do parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983. Os bioensaios consistiram na pulverizacao direta dos produtos fitossanitarios sobre ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879), contendo, em seu interior, o parasitoide em distintos estagios de desenvolvimento. A porcentagem de emergencia de adultos do parasitoide foi avaliada. Reducoes na emergencia (RE) de adultos em relacao a testemunha foram calculadas e os produtos fitossanitarios classificados de acordo com indices propostos pela IOBC/WPRS. Produtos fitossanitarios a base de abamectina, deltametrina, dimetoato, enxofre, etofenproxi, fosmete, glufosinato de amonio e oleo mineral nao apresentaram reducoes na emergencia e foram classificados como inocuos (<30% RE). Inseticidas a base de carbaril, fenitrotiona e triclorfom reduziram a porcentagem de emergencia de adultos em todos os estagios imaturos de desenvolvimento do parasitoide, sendo levemente nocivos (30-79% RE) ou moderadamente nocivos (80-99% RE), conforme o estagio de desenvolvimento, enquanto que fentiona reduziu apenas nos estagios de pre-pupa e pupa, sendo classificado como levemente nocivo (30-79% RE) para estes estagios. A associacao dos metodos quimico e biologico, na cultura do pessegueiro, e viavel para os produtos fitossanitarios inocuos quando T. atopovirilia encontra-se nos estagios imaturos de desenvolvimento.