Sandro Daniel Nörnberg

Seletividade de formulações de glyphosate a Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

A study was carried out in the laboratory to investigate the side-effects reported in Brazil of eight glyphosate formulations (Roundup®, Roundup® WG, Roundup® Transorb, Polaris®, Gliz® 480 CS, Glifosato Nortox®, Glifosato 480 Agripec® and Zapp® Qi) on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were carried out by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh pesticide residues applied on glass plates at a concentration of 14.4 mg L-1 of acid equivalent of glyphosate. The control group was treated with distilled water. Eggs of the alternative host Anagasta kuehniella (Lep., Pyralidae) were offered to parasitism. The capacity of parasitism per T. pretiosum adult female and the reduction in capacity of parasitism compared with the control group were used to estimate toxicity of the product. The formulations were classified into four categories, according to parasitism reduction: 1, harmless ( 99%). The results showed that the side-effects of the glyphosate formulations were dependent on type of salt and that formulations with potassic salt (Zapp® Qi) and ammonium salt (Roundup® WG) were slightly harmful to T. pretiosum adults. The remaining formulations isopropylamine salt (Roundup®, Roundup Transorb®, Polaris®, Gliz® 480 SC, Glifosato Nortox®, Glifosato 480 Agripec®) were moderately harmful to T. pretiosum adults.

Susceptibilidade de adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) a fungicidas utilizados no controle de doenças da macieira

This study evaluated the susceptibility under laboratory conditions of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley adults to fungicides recommended by the Integrated Production of Apple (IPA). The bioassays were carried out using the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palearctic Regional Section (WPRS) standard protocols. Twelve selected fungicides were studied in the doses (g or ml active ingredient/100 L) captan 1 (0.115), captan 2 (0.120), kresoxim-methyl (0.010), sulphur 1 (AG) (0.480), sulphur 2 (0.480), folpet (0.105), mancozeb (0.160), pyraclostrobin (0.010), tebuconazole (0.010), tetraconazole (0.005), thiophanate-methyl (0.050) and triforine (0.024). Distilled water was used as the blank treatment and the insecticide triclorfon (0.150) as a positive control. The parasitoids were exposed to dry residues applied on glass plates. The reduction in the capacity of parasitism was used to measure the effect of the chemical in comparison to the blank treatment. Each treatment was replicated four times. The results allowed us to classify the fungicides tested in four categories: 1, harmless ( 99%). 75% of the tested substances were classified as selective (classes 1 and 2) to the parasitoid. The fungicides captan 1, captan 2, kresoxim-methyl, folpet, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl and triforine were harmless; mancozeb was slightly harmful; sulphur 1 (AG) and tetraconazole were moderately harmful and sulphur 2 was harmful. These findings should be taken into account when selecting fungicides to spray apple orchards against fungi diseases to preserve the egg parasitoid T. pretiosum.

Seletividade de agrotóxicos indicados na produção integrada de pêssego a Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae)

The side-effects of pesticides indicated in Technical Norms of the Integrated Production of Peache (NT-IPP) was assessment on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, using the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) standard methodology. The pesticides (% active ingredient) Orthocide 500 (0.120) and Persist SC (0.160) were considered harmless; Hokko Cihexatim 500 (0.025) and Roundup WG (1.387) were slightly harmful; Assist (1.512) was moderately harmful; Sevin 480 SC (0.173), Tiomet 400 CE (0.048), Dipterex 500 (0.150) and Kumulus DF (0.480) were harmful to parasitoids in inicial toxicity test on egg parasitoid T. pretiosum.

Toxicidade de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro sobre adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum

The toxicity of sixteen commercial formulations of pesticides used in peach orchard was assessed on adults of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were carried out using the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palaearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS) standard methodology, under laboratory conditions at temperature of 25±1oC, relative humidity of 70±10% and 14h photophase. The tests were carried out by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh dry pesticide film applied on glass plates and assessed for the number of eggs parasitized by T. pretiosum adult female. Reduction in capacity of parasitism of T. pretiosum female compared with the control (treated with water) was used to measure the effect of the chemical. Pesticides were then classified into four categories, according to the reduction in parasitization (IOBC/WPRS): 1, harmless ( 99%). The fungicides (g of the active ingredient/100L of water) calcium + copper (40+100), dodine (79), folpet (125), iprodion (75), mancozeb (160), mancozeb + copper oxichloride (88+60) and triforine (24) and the insecticide teflubenzuron (3.75) were considered harmless (class 1); the fungicide tebuconazol (20) and the mineral oil (800) were slightly harmful (class 2); the fungicide-acaricide sulphur (480) and the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium (200) were moderately harmful (class 3); the insecticides fenitrothion (75), malathion (200), phosmet (100) and spinosad (6) were harmful (class 4) to T. pretiosum.

Seletividade de formulações de glyphosate aplicado nos estádios imaturos de Trichogramma pretiosum

The selectivity of eight commercial herbicide products with glyphosate formulations (Roundup®, Roundup® WG, Roundup® Transorb, Polaris®, Gliz® 480 CS, Glifosato Nortox®, Glifosato 480 Agripec® and Zapp® Qi) registered in Brazil, was assessed in relation to the immature stages of the egg-parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum, as well as to their effects on the emerged adults, under laboratory conditions (temperature 25±1 °C, relative humidity 70±10%; photophase 14 hours and brightness 500 lux). The bioassays consisted of herbicide spray at the concentration of 14.4 mg L-1 of equivalent gliphosate acid on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella containing the immature stage egg-larva, pre-pupa and pupa of T. pretiosum. Reductions observed in adult emergence, compared to the control, were used to measure the effects of the treatments. Eggs from the host A. kuehniella were presented to the adults of the parasitoids emerged from the sprayed pupae, with the parasitism of T. pretiosum being evaluated in each treatment compared to the control. No significant harmful effect was observed for any of the herbicides assessed when sprayed at the different immature stages of development of T. pretiosum, in agreement with IOBC. The parasitism of the adults emerged from eggs sprayed at the pupa stage was not affected either.

Seletividade de agrotóxicos recomendados na produção integrada da maçã a Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) em condições de laboratório

A seletividade de oito agrotoxicos recomendados na Producao Integrada da Maca (PIM) foi avaliada sobre Trichogramma pretiosum Riley em laboratorio, utilizando-se da metodologia padronizada pela International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). Os produtos (% da formulacao comercial na calda) Captan 500 PM (0,240) e Delan (0,125) foram inocuos; Promalin (9,000) foi levemente nocivo; Assist (4,000) e Dormex (1,200) foram moderadamente nocivos; Vertimec 18 CE (0,100), Malathion 1000 CE (0,100) e Supracid 400 CE (0,100) foram nocivos a adultos de T. pretiosum no teste de toxicidade em laboratorio. Os agrotoxicos classificados como moderadamente nocivos e nocivos requerem testes subsequentes de persistencia biologica do produto em casa de vegetacao e de campo.

Susceptibilidade de lagartas dos biótipos milho e arroz de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a inseticidas com diferentes modos de ação

The objective of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility of caterpillars of the biotypes corn and rice of Spodoptera frugiperda, to insecticides with different action manners. The insects were collected in corn and in irrigated rice in the lowland, county of Pelotas, area that produces corn and irrigated rice (side by side). The experiments were conducted, in controlled conditions of temperature (25 ± 1°C), relative humidity (70 ± 10%) and photophase (14 hours), with leaves of the corn hybrid Pionner 30F33 (40 days after the emergency). The leaves were powdered in Potter tower gauged for application of a volume of 1.7 ± 0.305mg cm-2, they were put in containers of plastics with cover, and individualized 25 caterpillars of 3rd instar of each biotype of S. frugiperda. The insecticides and concentrations evaluated were: chlorpyrifos [Lorsban 480 BR, 0.960g a.i. L-1 (Chlorophosphate)], lambda-cyhalothrin [Karate Zeon 50 CE, 0.003g a.i. L-1 (synthetic Piretroid)], lufenuron [Match CE, 0.006g a.i. L-1 (Acilureis)], methoxyfenozide [Intrepid 240 SC, 0.158g a.i. L-1 (Diacylhydrazine)] and spinosad [Tracer, 0.960g a.i. L-1 (Naturalyte)]. The evaluation of the mortality was accomplished 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after the treatment. The biotype corn of S. frugiperda was less susceptible to the insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin, lufenuron and methoxyfenozide. The insecticides chlorpyrifos and spinosad were efficient in the control of the caterpillars of the biotypes corn and rice of S. frugiperda.

Consumo e utilização de alimento por Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em duas temperaturas

Conduziu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de determinar, mediante medidas de consumo e utilizacao de alimento, a temperatura mais adequada para a criacao de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. SMITH, 1797) em dieta artificial. Foram individualizadas 50 lagartas em recipientes de vidro de 2,5 cm de diâmetro x 8,5 cm de altura, mantidos a 25 ± 1oC e 28 ± 1oC, com umidade relativa de 70 ± 15% e fotofase 14 horas. Foram determinados, com base em materia seca, o peso seco da lagarta no maximo desenvolvimento, do alimento consumido e das fezes eliminadas, e calculados os indices nutricionais: taxa de consumo relativo (RCR), taxa metabolica relativa (RMR), taxa de crescimento relativo (RGR), digestibilidade aproximada (AD), eficiencia de conversao do alimento ingerido (ECI), eficiencia de conversao do alimento digerido (ECD) e custo metabolico (100-ECD). Considerando que o peso das lagartas no maximo desenvolvimento foi similar nas duas temperaturas, a 28oC houve maior ECI e ECD e um menor 100-ECD e, consequentemente, as lagartas de S. frugiperda consumiram uma menor quantidade de alimento, reduzindo a duracao da fase larval. Assim, em laboratorio, a temperatura de 28oC e a mais adequada para manutencao de S. fru giperda em dieta artificial.

Persistência de agrotóxicos utilizados na produção integrada de maçã a Trichogramma pretiosum

No sistema de Producao Integrada de Maca (PIM) o controle biologico de pragas e uma importante tatica de controle, no entanto, a sua utilizacao pode ser limitada pela utilizacao de agrotoxicos. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a persistencia (duracao da atividade nociva) de dez agrotoxicos recomendados na PIM sobre o parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum. Insetos adultos foram expostos ao contato com residuos de agrotoxicos pulverizados sobre folhas de videira cv. Isabel, sendo avaliado o efeito residual dos agrotoxicos sobre o parasitismo de T. pretiosum, aos 3, 10, 17, 24 e 31 dias apos a pulverizacao, de acordo com a metodologia sugerida pela IOBC. O parâmetro utilizado para classificar os agrotoxicos foi a reducao no parasitismo. Os resultados demonstraram que os produtos comerciais/ingredientes ativos (g ou mL da formulacao comercial.100 L-1): o inseticida Malathion® 1000 CE/malationa (100) e os fungicidas Domark® 100 CE/tetraconazole (50), Manzate® 800/mancozebe (200), Mancozebe Sipcam®/mancozebe (200) e Metiltiofan®/tiofanato metilico (90) foram classificados como de vida curta ( 31 dias de acao nociva) a T. pretiosum.

Persistência de agrotóxicos indicados na produção integrada de pêssego a Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The persistence (duration of harmful activity) of five insecticides indicated in the Integrated Peach Production (IPP) was evaluated by adult exposure of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to insecticide residues on plant leaves at different time intervals after treatment using the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) based on the suggested methodology.The results obtained in relation to the disease persistence will permit to classify the pesticides, commercial formulation/active ingredient (g or mL commercial formulation 100L), Dipterex 500/ trichlorphon (300), Sumithion 500 CE/fenitrothion (150) and Tiomet 400 CE/dimethoate (120) as slightly persistent (5-15 days); the insecticide Malathion 1000 CE/malathion (200) as moderately persistent (16-30 days) and the fungicide Kumulus DF/sulphur (600) as persistent (>31 days) to T. pretiosum adults.