Crislaine Alves Barcellos de Lima

Seletividade de formulações de glyphosate a Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

A study was carried out in the laboratory to investigate the side-effects reported in Brazil of eight glyphosate formulations (Roundup®, Roundup® WG, Roundup® Transorb, Polaris®, Gliz® 480 CS, Glifosato Nortox®, Glifosato 480 Agripec® and Zapp® Qi) on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were carried out by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh pesticide residues applied on glass plates at a concentration of 14.4 mg L-1 of acid equivalent of glyphosate. The control group was treated with distilled water. Eggs of the alternative host Anagasta kuehniella (Lep., Pyralidae) were offered to parasitism. The capacity of parasitism per T. pretiosum adult female and the reduction in capacity of parasitism compared with the control group were used to estimate toxicity of the product. The formulations were classified into four categories, according to parasitism reduction: 1, harmless ( 99%). The results showed that the side-effects of the glyphosate formulations were dependent on type of salt and that formulations with potassic salt (Zapp® Qi) and ammonium salt (Roundup® WG) were slightly harmful to T. pretiosum adults. The remaining formulations isopropylamine salt (Roundup®, Roundup Transorb®, Polaris®, Gliz® 480 SC, Glifosato Nortox®, Glifosato 480 Agripec®) were moderately harmful to T. pretiosum adults.

Susceptibilidade de adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) a fungicidas utilizados no controle de doenças da macieira

This study evaluated the susceptibility under laboratory conditions of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley adults to fungicides recommended by the Integrated Production of Apple (IPA). The bioassays were carried out using the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palearctic Regional Section (WPRS) standard protocols. Twelve selected fungicides were studied in the doses (g or ml active ingredient/100 L) captan 1 (0.115), captan 2 (0.120), kresoxim-methyl (0.010), sulphur 1 (AG) (0.480), sulphur 2 (0.480), folpet (0.105), mancozeb (0.160), pyraclostrobin (0.010), tebuconazole (0.010), tetraconazole (0.005), thiophanate-methyl (0.050) and triforine (0.024). Distilled water was used as the blank treatment and the insecticide triclorfon (0.150) as a positive control. The parasitoids were exposed to dry residues applied on glass plates. The reduction in the capacity of parasitism was used to measure the effect of the chemical in comparison to the blank treatment. Each treatment was replicated four times. The results allowed us to classify the fungicides tested in four categories: 1, harmless ( 99%). 75% of the tested substances were classified as selective (classes 1 and 2) to the parasitoid. The fungicides captan 1, captan 2, kresoxim-methyl, folpet, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl and triforine were harmless; mancozeb was slightly harmful; sulphur 1 (AG) and tetraconazole were moderately harmful and sulphur 2 was harmful. These findings should be taken into account when selecting fungicides to spray apple orchards against fungi diseases to preserve the egg parasitoid T. pretiosum.

Toxicidade de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro sobre adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum

The toxicity of sixteen commercial formulations of pesticides used in peach orchard was assessed on adults of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were carried out using the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palaearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS) standard methodology, under laboratory conditions at temperature of 25±1oC, relative humidity of 70±10% and 14h photophase. The tests were carried out by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh dry pesticide film applied on glass plates and assessed for the number of eggs parasitized by T. pretiosum adult female. Reduction in capacity of parasitism of T. pretiosum female compared with the control (treated with water) was used to measure the effect of the chemical. Pesticides were then classified into four categories, according to the reduction in parasitization (IOBC/WPRS): 1, harmless ( 99%). The fungicides (g of the active ingredient/100L of water) calcium + copper (40+100), dodine (79), folpet (125), iprodion (75), mancozeb (160), mancozeb + copper oxichloride (88+60) and triforine (24) and the insecticide teflubenzuron (3.75) were considered harmless (class 1); the fungicide tebuconazol (20) and the mineral oil (800) were slightly harmful (class 2); the fungicide-acaricide sulphur (480) and the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium (200) were moderately harmful (class 3); the insecticides fenitrothion (75), malathion (200), phosmet (100) and spinosad (6) were harmful (class 4) to T. pretiosum.

Seletividade de formulações de glyphosate aplicado nos estádios imaturos de Trichogramma pretiosum

The selectivity of eight commercial herbicide products with glyphosate formulations (Roundup®, Roundup® WG, Roundup® Transorb, Polaris®, Gliz® 480 CS, Glifosato Nortox®, Glifosato 480 Agripec® and Zapp® Qi) registered in Brazil, was assessed in relation to the immature stages of the egg-parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum, as well as to their effects on the emerged adults, under laboratory conditions (temperature 25±1 °C, relative humidity 70±10%; photophase 14 hours and brightness 500 lux). The bioassays consisted of herbicide spray at the concentration of 14.4 mg L-1 of equivalent gliphosate acid on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella containing the immature stage egg-larva, pre-pupa and pupa of T. pretiosum. Reductions observed in adult emergence, compared to the control, were used to measure the effects of the treatments. Eggs from the host A. kuehniella were presented to the adults of the parasitoids emerged from the sprayed pupae, with the parasitism of T. pretiosum being evaluated in each treatment compared to the control. No significant harmful effect was observed for any of the herbicides assessed when sprayed at the different immature stages of development of T. pretiosum, in agreement with IOBC. The parasitism of the adults emerged from eggs sprayed at the pupa stage was not affected either.

Seletividade de agrotóxicos recomendados na produção integrada da maçã a Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) em condições de laboratório

A seletividade de oito agrotoxicos recomendados na Producao Integrada da Maca (PIM) foi avaliada sobre Trichogramma pretiosum Riley em laboratorio, utilizando-se da metodologia padronizada pela International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). Os produtos (% da formulacao comercial na calda) Captan 500 PM (0,240) e Delan (0,125) foram inocuos; Promalin (9,000) foi levemente nocivo; Assist (4,000) e Dormex (1,200) foram moderadamente nocivos; Vertimec 18 CE (0,100), Malathion 1000 CE (0,100) e Supracid 400 CE (0,100) foram nocivos a adultos de T. pretiosum no teste de toxicidade em laboratorio. Os agrotoxicos classificados como moderadamente nocivos e nocivos requerem testes subsequentes de persistencia biologica do produto em casa de vegetacao e de campo.

Diagnóstico da exposição ocupacional a agrotóxicos na principal região produtora de pêssego para indústria do Brasil

The peach culture is extremely susceptible to the attack of pests and diseases. Aiming to avoid yield losses, peach growers apply pesticides. The objective of this research was to characterize some farms and obtain data to better diagnose the reality about the occupational exposition to pesticides in the peach culture. The methodology was based on spontaneous interviews carried out on farms with 135 peach growers. The results show that in general the peach culture is practiced on small farms where the predominant labor comes from the family. The purchase of agrochemicals is made via accredited shops, but without an agronomic prescription. Among the cited pesticides, the fungicide Carbendazim (Derosal 500) and insecticide (Perfekthion) are not labeled in Brazil for the peach culture. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) standard is an uncommon practice among applicators.

Seletividade de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro a Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

A seletividade de dez formulacoes comerciais de produtos fitossanitarios utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro foi avaliada em laboratorio (25±1 oC, UR 70±10% e fotofase de 14 horas), atraves da exposicao de adultos de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley a residuos secos dos produtos pulverizados sobre placas de vidro. O numero de ovos parasitados por femea, foi mensurado e a reducao no parasitismo (RP), em relacao a testemunha (agua), foi utilizada para classificar os compostos em: inocuos ( 99% RP). Os produtos fitossanitarios captana, ditianona, mancozebe, metoxifenozida e oxido cuproso foram inocuos; glifosato e oleo mineral foram levemente nocivos e abamectina, cianamida e etofenproxi foram nocivos a T. pretiosum.

O uso das plantas medicinais e o papel da fé no cuidado familiar

Objective To understand the use of medicinal plants and the role of faith in the family care system. Method The adopted methodology is qualitative research, conducted in April and July 2015, in a municipality of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Brazil, with three informants who have knowledge of the healthcare practices. The data were interpreted using interpretive anthropology. Results Data interpretation led to two categories: Medicinal plants in health care and Care with the use of plants in the blessing ritual. It was identified that the use of plants and faith healing is a particular form of self-care in that given community. The purpose of this practice is to cure people from a biological and comprehensive perspective, involving the body, soul, spirit, and environment. Conclusion The research revealed that medicinal plants go beyond the merely biological relationship in the family care system. Use of these plants is not based on the principle of buying and selling, but rather on the act of exchanging, giving, receiving, and reciprocating.

AVALIAÇÃO DE METODOLOGIAS PARA TESTES DE SELETIVIDADE DE INSETICIDAS REGULADORES DE CRESCIMENTO A TRICHOGRAMMA PRETIOSUM (RILEY, 1879) (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) NA CULTURA DA MACIEIRA EM CONDIÇÕES DE LABORATÓRIO

Neste trabalho, foram estudados alternativas de metodologias, para verificar o efeito de inseticidas reguladores de crescimento na cultura da macieira, sobre Trichogramma pretiosum, em comparacao com a metodologia padrao utilizada pela International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). Os inseticidas estudados foram: lufenuron/Match® CE (300), methoxifenozide/ Intrepid® 240 SC (180), tebufenozide/Mimic 240 SC (90), flufenoxuron/Cascade 100 (100), e como inseticida padrao utilizou-se o inseticida fosforado fenthion (Lebaycid® 500) (100). Foram testadas, duas metodologias na primeira, ovos de Anagasta kuehniella foram pulverizados com solucoes inseticidas e fornecidos a femeas de T. pretiosum e na segunda foi fornecidos mel adicionado a inseticida a femeas de T. pretiosum. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: longevidade de femeas, ovos parasitados, razao sexual e taxa de emergencia. O inseticida Lebaycid® foi o que apresentou maior toxicidade a T. pretiosum seguido do Match®, em todas as metodologias testadas. Ambas as metodologias sugeridas neste trabalho podem ser utilizadas como alternativa a metodologia padrao da IOBC.