D. Dowell

In situ cleaning of metal cathodes using a hydrogen ion beam

Improving and maintaining the quantum efficiency (QE) of a metal photocathode in an s-band RF gun requires a process for cleaning the surface. In this type of gun, the cathode is typically installed and the system is vacuum baked to {approx}200 degrees C. If the QE is too low, the cathode is usually cleaned with the UV-drive laser. While laser cleaning does increase the cathode QE, it requires fluences close to the damage threshold and rastering the small diameter beam, both of which can produce nonuniform electron emission and potentially damage the cathode. This paper investigates the efficacy of a low energy hydrogen ion beam to produce high-QE metal cathodes. Measurements of the QE vs. wavelength, surface contaminants using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and surface roughness were performed on a copper sample, and the results showed a significant increase in QE after cleaning with a 1keV hydrogen ion beam. The H-ion beam cleaned an area approximately 1cm in diameter and had no effect on the surface roughness while significantly increasing the QE. These results and a comparison with theory as well as a scheme for installing an H-ion cleaner on an s-band gun are presented.

Performance of a CsBr coated Nb photocathode at room temperature

Experiments performed on Nb substrates coated with thin films of CsBr indicate a substantial enhancement of 150 to 800 times of the photoyield at 257 nm relative to the uncoated substrates. Results are presented for several power density illuminations and sample thickness. Further enhancement of photoyield was observed when the laser illumination was interrupted for a short time in samples with 5–10 nm thick CsBr coatings.

Experimental verification of the 3-step model of photoemission for energy spread and emittance measurements of copper and CsBr-coated copper photocathodes suitable for free electron laser applications

This paper presents measurements and analysis of the quantum efficiency (QE) and intrinsic emittance of Cu and CsBr coated Cu photocathodes. The data analysis uses expressions for the quantum efficiency and the intrinsic emittance for metal cathodes previously derived from Spicers three-step model of photoemission. Data taken with a 257 nm CW laser on (100) Cu crystals indicate an emittance of 0.77 (μm/mm-rms) for CsBr coated and 0.42 (μm/mm-rms) for uncoated cathodes. The high quantum efficiency and low emittance observed for CsBr coated cathodes have applications in free electron laser and other devices requiring high brightness electron beams.

Multi-Alkali Photocathode Development at Brookhaven National Lab for Application in Superconducting Photoinjectors

The development of a suitable photocathode for use in a high average current photoinjector at temperatures ranging from 273 K down to 2 K is a subject of considerable interest, and active research. The choice of photocathode material is often a trade-off made based on the quantum efficiency of the cathode material, the tolerance to adverse vacuum conditions, and the laser wavelength needed to produce photoelectrons. In this paper an overview of the BNL work to date on CsK2Sb photocathodes on a variety of substrates, irradiated at multiple wavelengths, and at temperatures down to 170 K will be discussed. The application of this photocathode material into a SRF photoinjector will also be discussed.

R&D for a Soft X-Ray Free Electron Laser Facility

R&D for a Soft X-Ray Free Electron Laser Facility A White Paper Report prepared by LBNL and SLAC with contributions from LBNL: David Attwood, John Byrd, John Corlett, Peter Denes, Roger Falcone, Phil Heimann, Wim Leemans, Howard Padmore, Soren Prestemon, Fernando Sannibale, Ross Schlueter, Carl Schroeder, John Staples, Marco Venturini, Tony Warwick, Russell Wells, Russell Wilcox, and Alexander Zholents SLAC: Chris Adolphsen, John Arthur, Uwe Bergmann, Yunhai Cai, Eric Colby, David Dowell, Paul Emma, John Fox, Josef Frisch, John Galayda, Robert Hettel, Zhirong Huang, Nan Phinney, Tom Rabedeau, Tor Raubenheimer, David Reis, John Schmerge, Joachim Stohr, Gennady Stupakov, Bill White, and Dao Xiang Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory June 2009

Cancellation of RF Coupler-Induced Emittance Due to Astigmatism

It is well-known that the electron beam quality required for applications such as FEL’s and ultra-fast electron diffraction can be degraded by the asymmetric fields introduced by the RF couplers of superconducting linacs. This effect is especially troublesome in the injector where the low energy beam from the gun is captured into the first high gradient accelerator section. Unfortunately modifying the established cavity design is expensive and time consuming, especially considering that only one or two sections are needed for an injector. Instead, it is important to analyze the coupler fields to understand their characteristics and help find less costly solutions for their cancellation and mitigation. This paper finds the RF coupler-induced emittance for short bunches is mostly due to the transverse spatial sloping or tilt of the field, rather than the field’s time-dependence. It is shown that the distorting effects of the coupler can be canceled with a static (DC) quadrupole lens rotated about the z-axis.