Danièle Joly

Immigrant associations in Europe.

This book is the 1st of a 3-part series which addresses aspects of the future of the new ethnic minorities in a changing European context. These studies were launched by the European Science Founation 1980. The other books in the series are entitled ENTERING THE WORKING WORLD: FOLLOWING THE DESCENDANTS OF EUROPES IMMIGRANT LABOUR FORCE and NEW IDENTITIES IN EUROPE: IMMIGRANT ANCESTRY AND THE ETHNIC IDENTITY OF YOUTH. This volume is the 1st publication on a European level to analyze the internal organization of the immigrant communities and to discuss the ideological alternatives they offer to the future generations. The studies show that immigrant associations are not transitional but gain renewed strength as they fulfill changing functions as communities become more established and settled. Specifically this book examines 1) Pakistani and Greek Cypriot migration to Britain 2) Turkish migration to West Germany 3) Italian and Portuguese immigration to France 4) Finnish migration to Sweden and 5) Spanish migration to Switzerland and the Netherlands. Common themes in the study of associations include 1) associational life exists within kinship structure 2) some have political or religious sources 3) some provide a link above the kinship level between migrant communities and their home villages or regions and 4) those associations with educational facilities are the most powerful. The governments of the countries of settlement seek to provide for the needs which immigrant associations exist to satisfy and they may well supervise and police the associations activities. The existence of migrant-oriented business may give rise to class differentiation within the migrant community and to the possibility of businessmen and workers forming alliances with their equivalents in the country of settlement. The process of incorporating the immigrant minority community into the state the transcendence of ethnic bonds by those of class has hardly begun and it is not certain that either process will be strong enough to destroy the resilient forms of ethnic community and association.

Odyssean and Rubicon Refugees: Toward a Typology of Refugees in the Land of Exile

With a focus on refugees in Western Europe this paper seeks to establish refugees in their country of exile/settlement as social types distinct from labour migrants. It looks at the notion of ethnic groups and their strategies as a theoretical tool for better understanding refugees. The refugees positioning within the structure of conflict of their country of origin is posited as a determining factor of their modes of settlement. It is possible to find two large categories: 1.Odyssean refugees: refugees who nurtured a collective project in the land of origin and took it with them in the land of exile. 2. Rubicon refugees: refugees who did not partake in a collective project oriented toward the homeland or who have forsaken it. (authors)

Some Structural Effects of Migration on Receiving and Sending Countries

Traditionally the question of migration has been compartmentalized analytically between on the one hand the causes of international migration which in the main have been studied by economists and geographers and on the other hand the consequences of migration primarily on the receiving countries which has mostly been an area of concern for sociologists demographers and geographers who have looked into theories and processes of settlement/integration. The twain rarely met. As a consequence for heuristic purposes a separation based on discipline geographical areas and objects of study has taken place an approach challenged recently by some scholars. This article brings together the threads of international migration in its causes and consequences affecting both sending and receiving countries as well as the migrants. The close interaction between causes and consequences is enhanced by the role of migrants themselves. Indeed migrants are not only objects whose moves are deterministically conditioned by structural factors they are social actors who formulate their own strategies and life projects within given settings and conflicts in their society of origin and society of reception which they in turn contribute to modify. (authors)

“Race” Relations and Discrimination in Prison

Abstract This article focuses on race relations and discrimination in prison, and is based on data gathered from a large comparative project on populations of Muslim background in French and British prisons. For a meaningful comparison of discrimination in France and Britain, it is important to take stock of the discrepancy between societal and political contexts in the two countries. The first part of the article reviews the history of responses to legislation regarding race relations in the Prison Service of England and Wales, paying special attention to incidents that elicited public concern and to the effects of this history on the position of minority faith groups in prisons. The views of Prison Officers and of Muslim prisoners about the state of race relations in the prisons of England and Wales form the second part of the article. Finally, the article considers reports from Muslim prisoners in French prisons about their experiences of racist discrimination. This article concentrates on empirical results, which make part of a larger project.

Race, ethnicity and religion: emerging policies in Britain

ABSTRACT Britains integration model is recurrently held up as the epitome of the multiculturalist model in Europe. Moreover, it tends to be presented as though it was intrinsic to British society and had always existed. This is not the case. In reality the model has passed through successive phases of an ongoing evolution and was constructed through the interaction between British society and the ethnic minorities of immigrant origin who settled in Britain after the Second World War. After a brief period of assimilationism, a race relations paradigm was formulated, followed by the establishment of a multicultural policy. It is often assumed that multicultural policy is a simple continuation of a race relations approach under another name. But Joly argues that this is inaccurate and that each corresponds to distinct policy parameters and to different stages. Moreover, this was not the end of the line. The multiculturalist model has come under a barrage of criticism emanating from various sources and different viewpoints. Nevertheless, Joly maintains that it has not been eliminated but has metamorphosed into a Muslim paradigm. Her paper explores the different stages of integration policies directed at immigrants and how those were constructed. The paradigms were developed through the categorization of immigrants by the majority and the mobilization of immigrants as a result of their interaction with British society. The paper draws the contours of each of these stages, examines the fault lines and areas of tension, and explores the underpinnings of the evolution. It argues that policies were forged through and beyond discourses largely by the immigrants themselves. In the main it can be posited that the process started with action that began at local level at the initiative of the immigrants and subsequently progressed to the national level. This prompted responses and funding programmes from central government.

Race Relations And Islam in the Prison Service

This article examines the framework in British prisons, structuring ethnic and religious discrimination. In the first place it looks at policies and practices in prison institutions as they particularly concern populations of Muslim origin. These include dispositions pertaining to Islam and Muslim race relations, ethnic/race monitoring. These arrangements naturally do not stand alone but derive from and reflect policies and practices to be found outside in mainstream society and institutions in varying degrees. The article concludes that a noticeable institutionalisation of Islam is taking place in the Prison Service, ahead of other institutions but suggests that much room for improvement remains in the area of racism and discrimination.

Convergence Towards a Single Asylum Regime: A Global Shift of Paradigm

This article addresses changes in global asylum regimes in the last decade of the twentieth century. It examines the main features of increasingly convergent regimes under the leadership of industrialised states: regionalisation, comprehensivisation, restricted access and diversified forms of protection are underpinned by a major change of paradigm in the asylum arena.

Women from Muslim Communities: Autonomy and Capacity of Action

This article examines the interaction of women from Muslim communities with British majority society, the ethnic group and the Muslim group to ascertain enabling factors and obstacles to their autonomisation. It explores how the women navigate through the tensions underpinning the three reference groups to develop their life plan in the private and public space. The empirical research included Touraine’s methodology of sociological intervention.

The French Nation

This chapter on the French nation arose from objections which oppositionnels formulated against the PCF position. Raising a fundamental question about the class character of France, they levelled accusations of chauvinism against the Party and challenged it theoretically. This debate necessitated further research into the Party’s conception of the alignment of classes and their relationship with the French nation. It bears strong relevance to the Party’s conception of the Algerian nation and its attitude towards the army.

Politics and Activisms

This chapter investigates and explains the political participation and civic engagement of Muslim women in Britain and France. It establishes a typology of participation based on primary research findings and identifies the structures and processes through which Muslim women’s action and activism takes place; for example, formal and conventional processes typified by elections and voting and institutional structures such as political parties, elected assemblies and state executives as well as various unconventional forms epitomised in street protest, political consumerism, public service and community politics and digital activism. The above categories of activity constitute the landscape of political participation and civic engagement in which two types are highlighted: voting in elections and activism through organisations, groups and campaigns in the third sector. As revealed by our research, these are among the most common types of participation among women from Muslim communities in Britain and France.