David K. Foot

Demographics and cardiology, 1950–2050

Changing demographics, in particular the aging of the North American population, contribute to the understanding of trends in such diverse areas as education, housing, crime, marketing, unemployment, recreation, and health care [(1,2)][1]. Although annual changes in many of these sectors are

Public expenditures, population aging and economic dependency in Canada, 1921-2021

The slowing population growth and consequent aging of the population in Canada and elsewhere have raised questions of the ability of such populations to provide support to their non-working or dependent, particularly their aged, members. Previous discussions have often been focussed on demographic measures of dependency, but more recent research has shown that, in North American society, the per capita costs of providing public programmes to an elderly member are between two and three times higher than those to a younger member of society. However, these measures have made no attempt to take into account changing labour market conditions. This paper develops measures of dependency to incorporate these latter effects. Calculations with Canadian data (1921–2021) show that demographic and economic dependency in Canada are currently at historically low levels. The numerical results also suggest that the effects of the general increases in labour force participation rates, that have characterized the past two decades, have more than offset the effects of the general increases in unemployment rates, and that future increases in participation rates and, perhaps, decreases in unemployment rates could provide a significant alleviation of the impacts of population aging on government expenditures in the years ahead.

Temporal trends in the relative cost of dying: Evidence from Canada

OBJECTIVE To measure change over time in the relationship between health care expenditures for individuals that die in a given year and age matched survivors. METHODS Administrative data covered government-funded hospital, physician, prescription drug, and continuing care services for the entire population aged 65 and over in the province of British Columbia between 1991 and 2001. Individuals were separated according to age group and decedent/survivor status. The average utilization cost was estimated for each age group and survivor status in each year from 1991 to 2001. Time trends in decedent and survivor costs, and the ratio between the two, were analyzed for each service category. RESULTS Inflation-adjusted decedent costs rose by almost 10% between 1991 and 2001, while survivor costs fell slightly. The ratio of decedent to survivor costs increased for all age groups, and was greatest for hospital and continuing care costs. Although the study population mortality rate fell over the study period, the proportion of health care costs allocated to decedents grew by 8%. CONCLUSIONS If mortality rates continue to fall, lower survivor costs and higher decedent costs will lower future growth in health expenditures due to aging.

Age Structure, Income Distribution and Economic Growth

A recent body of empirical cross-country research has confirmed that income inequality is negatively related to economic growth. This paper provides an explanatory channel for this observed relationship. The novelty of our approach consists in the use of demographic channels to account for cross-country differentials in economic growth and income distribution. We present four models that have emerged as the most plausible transmission mechanisms linking inequality to slower growth. In each instance we demonstrate how a consideration of demographic age structure can complement the four mainstream accounts.

Intertemporal market effect on gender earnings differentials: lawyers in Canada, 1970-80

The conventional methodology for decomposition of cross-sectional earnings differentials is extended to include a ‘market effect’ on intertemporal changes in earnings and to analyse the changes in gender differentials over time. The integrated cross-sectional and intertemporal methodology is illustrated by a decomposition of the change in the earnings differential that occurred during the 1970s between male and female lawyers in Canada. An unprecedented rate of growth in the supply of lawyers during the 1970s in Canada was associated with changes in the gender earnings differential in the legal profession. This rapid supply growth had an almost negligible net impact on female earnings, but a negative impact of 15% on the male earnings. This explains the narrowing of the earnings differential by almost 30% over the decade. Although three-fifths of the gender differential in 1970, and half of the differential in 1980, were attributable to the differences in the characteristics of the two groups, these chang...

The long goodbye: Age, demographics, and flexibility in retirement

The current literature on retirement decisions has given inadequate attention to the impacts of increasing life expectancy. This paper examines workforce aging and retirement within a framework that not only includes age, but also integrates increasing life expectancy into the discussion. Employee preference surveys regarding choice in retirement are supported by the demographic and by work-time compression arguments for retirement flexibility. We outlinearguments why partial-retirement policies would be a practical and timely transition strategy for organizations and societies in a world of increasing life expectancies and aging workforces , especially when facing the imminent retirement of the large post-war baby-boom generation.

Multiregional estimation of gross internal migration flows.

A multiregional model of gross internal migration flows is presented in this article. The interdependence of economic factors across all regions is recognized by imposing a non-stochastic adding-up constraint that requires total immigration to equal total outmigration in each time period. An iterated system estimation technique is used to obtain asymptotically consistent and efficient parameter estimates. The model is estimated for gross migration flows among the Canadian provinces over the period 1962-86 and then is used to examine the likelihood of a wash-out effect in net migration models. The results indicate that previous approaches that use net migration equations may not always be empirically justified.

Migration in an Economic-Demographic Model for the Canadian Provinces

This paper is a description of the structure of a multiregion economic-demographic model for the Canadian provinces. An important part of the demographic model is the estimation of net migration equations based on a human capital approach and incorporating the adding-up constraint that arises since the sum of the net migration flows across all provinces must be 0 in each period. These endogenous migration flows allow for variables from the economic model (wage rates and unemployment rates) to influence the source population, the labour force and, therefore, the unemployment rate and other variables in the economic model. This economic – demographic model is then used in simulation experiments designed to show the economic – demographic interactions and how these lead to a moderation in the effect of policy.

Youth Unemployment: A Reply

The issue of quantity versus price adjustments is now familiar in economics. In our original paper, we focussed on the adjustments in the Canadian labour market resulting from the influx of the baby-boom generation over the 1960s and 1970s. In our view, the increasing numbers of young entrants contributed to increased youth unemployment rates, especially over the 1970s when the bulk of the baby-boom generation entered the labour market. However, by the early 1980s the trend was reversed as a result of smaller cohorts entering the labour market. The severity of the 1982-83 recession in Canada masked these demographic effects and increased youth unemployment rates through 1983 resulting in a bevy of policy initiatives. Nonetheless over this period the relative employment position of the youth in the labour market continued to improve. For example, the relative youth unemployment rate fell consistently through the 1980s, from 76 per cent above the Canadian average in 1981 to 57 per cent above by 1985. Consequently, the policy initiatives were destined to appear successful, since the underlying demographic trends were for considerable improvements in youth unemployment rates. These have, in fact, occurred. Labour force data for 1986 lend further confirmation to the

Population Aging and the Generational Economy: A Global Perspective

population aging and the generational economy: a global population aging and the generational economy: a global population aging and the generational economy a global population aging and the generational economy: a global population aging and the generational economy gbv population aging and the generational economy a global population aging and the generational economy a global population aging and the generational economy: a global today’s research on aging global aging and fiscal policy with international labor global aging and fiscal policy with international labor youth: the numbers un american political economy in global perspective population studies center parc.pop.upenn population change and economic growth in africa ageing & pensions edward elgar publishing october 2014 curriculum vitae andrew mason current sharp ht sl50 manual browserfame law school in brief second edition volume 6 ebook m , o h j , r r a growing old in an older brazil human capital, labor force participation, and social population ageing in poland and its consequences on public fields of war battle of normandy angfit writing your resume for microsoft harvard university curriculum vitae andrew mason current positions professor population ageing in europe european commission at t dect 60 tl92278 user manual elosuk intergenerational approaches to social and economic policy hitchcock and adaptation on the page and screen ebook children, adults and the elderly in the great recession vieillissement de la population et économie great western railway an appreciation soreem holt biology chapter 41 resource file nervous system the sandwich generation: demographic determinants of european policybrief wählen sie eine sprache the longevity economy real possibilities aarp ronald demos lee personal information cub cadet z force 44 manual pwcgba