David L. Heavner

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): A market cigarette study

Abstract The environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) yield of selected analytes was determined for the 50 top-selling U.S. cigarette brand styles (1991) and the University of Kentucky Research cigarette, K1R4F. ETS was generated by smokers in an environmental test chamber. Analytes determined included real-time measurements of nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, respirable suspended particles (RSP), carbon monoxide, and total hydrocarbons by flame ionization detector response (FID). Real-time RSP values were determined independently by a piezoelectric balance and real-time aerosol monitor (RAM). Additional analytes determined on a time-integrated basis included: nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, myosmine, RSP, ultraviolet particulate matter (VUPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), solanesol, scopoletin, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, catechol, ammonia, 34 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and total VOCs (estimated by GC/mass spectrometric response). In general, lowering mainstream tar resulted in lower ETS emissions. The current study showed that ETS-RSP and nicotine were not predictive of each other. In fact, this ETS market brand style comparison showed a poor relationship between ETS nicotine and ETS-RSP. ETS analyte yields are summarized by mainstream tar categories, and overall sales-weighted average yields are calculated. Sales-weighted average ETS-RSP yields for full flavor (FF), full flavor low tar (FFLT), and ultra low tar (ULT) were 14.86, 12.30, and 10.51 mg/cig, respectively. The average RSP yield for all cigarettes evaluated was 13.67 mg/cig. These results, based on 65.3% of the U.S. cigarette market, should enable better estimations of the contribution of ETS to indoor air.

Determination of volatile organic compounds and ETS apportionment in 49 homes

Abstract Forty-nine nonsmoking married women participated in a home personal exposure study for 28 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs). The women were selected and classified according to 18 socioeconomic categories based on age (18–34 y, 35–49 y, 50–64 y), family income (

Determination of volatile organic compounds and respirable suspended particulate matter in New Jersey and Pennsylvania homes and workplaces

40K), and husbands smoking status. Of the 29 analytes, 21 demonstrated no statistically significant difference in concentration between nonsmoking and smoking homes. One VOC, trichloroethylene, was elevated in the nonsmoking homes and seven VOCs, benzene, styrene, pyridine, 2-picoline, 3-picoline, 3-ethylpyridine, and 3-ethenylpyridine were elevated in the smoking homes. A correlation matrix and a factor analysis indicate that benzene and styrene were not significantly correlated or associated with 3-ethyenylpyridine, a proposed vapor phase environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) marker. All of the nitrogenous bases were significantly correlated with 3-ethenylpyridine. Benzene, styrene, and TVOC were not significantly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked; however, 3-ethenylpyridine was significantly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked. A Pearson correlation analysis indicated that gas heat and smoking husband were significantly correlated with elevated benzene concentrations, but a multiple regression model for benzene accounted for less than 30% of the total variance. ETS variables accounted for only 8% of the total variance. In the smoking homes, an apportionment technique was evaluated for selected VOCs in order to determine the median percentage of each analyte attributable to ETS. The results, with percentages attributable to ETS were TVOC (5.5%), benzene (13.2%), styrene (12.6%), pyridine (40.7%), 2-picoline (67.1%), 3-picoline (90.1%), 4-picoline (37.2%), and 3-ethylpyridine (62.0%). Indoor air sources other than ETS were also identified for limonene, tetrachlorethylene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and alkylbenzenes.

Personal Monitoring System for Measuring Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure

Abstract One hundred-four self-reported nonsmoking married women participated in a home and workplace personal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure study for 33 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), respirable suspended particulate matter (RSP), and ETS-RSP. The women were selected and classified according to socioeconomic categories based on age (25–39 y and 40+ y), total annual household income (

National incidence of smoking and misclassification among the U.S. married female population

40K), and reported ETS exposure status at home and at work (SH = smoking home, NSH = nonsmoking home, SW = smoking work, and NSW = nonsmoking work). Saliva samples were collected at the start and at the end of the study for cotinine determinations. Five participants (4.8% of the total), married to smokers and working in smoking workplaces, were excluded because they had average salivary cotinine concentrations greater than 10 ng/mL indicating that they were likely smokers. The background correction factor for cotinine (SH/NSH) or Z, indicated that total exposure was 4.8 times greater for those living with a smoker versus those not living with a smoker. Apportionment of TVOCs indicated that 3.4% of the TVOCs in the smoking homes and 0.8% of the TVOCs in the smoking workplaces were attributable to ETS. Apportionment of benzene and styrene indicated that 11.4% and 13.4%, respectively, were attributable to ETS in smoking homes; 11.5% and 6.2%, respectively, were attributable to ETS in smoking workplaces. RSP apportionment based on solanesol particulate matter (Sol-PM) indicated that 28.7% of the RSP in smoking homes and 22.7% of the RSP in smoking workplaces were attributable to ETS. RSP apportionment based on scopoletin particulate matter (Sco-PM) indicated that 12.9% of the RSP in smoking homes and 9.6% of the RSP in smoking workplaces were attributable to ETS. Median daily and weekly exposures to VOCs, TVOCs, and RSP were calculated from the concentrations determined and tended to follow the trend: SH > NSH > SW > NSW. The home/work exposure differential (SH/SW) indicated that ETS exposure was higher for living with a smoker than for working with a smoker by a factor of 3.7 for RSP and ETS-RSP and 2.4 for VOCs and TVOCs.

Improved gas chromatographic determination of nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke

A monitoring system, calibration system and bar code-based, computer sample tracking system for measuring personal exposures to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are described. The monitoring system collects both vapor and particulate phase ETS analytes on a sorbent tube and filter, respectively, using a single sampling pump. Several battery pack configurations are described which enable continuous sampling times of 16, 28 and 48 h. Detailed methodologies are presented for determining nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine and myosmine in the vapor phase and respirable suspended particles, solanesol, scopoletin, UVPM and FPM in the particulate phase. Experiments conducted in a controlled-environment test chamber show that all analytes increase linearly with the number of cigarettes smoked. In addition, 3-ethenylpyridine is shown to track closely the vapor phase of ETS (as measured by CO and FID) while nicotine poorly estimates the vapor phase. These data support previously published findings that 3-ethenylpyridine i...

A Comparative Study of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Particulate Mass Measurements in an Environmental Chamber

Because of a lack of representative data on smoking status misclassification among U.S. married females, a two-part study was conducted. Part I was conducted to obtain nationally representative estimates of the percentage of U.S. women who report themselves to be current, former, and never smokers, to determine the concordance of smoking habits among spouse pairs, and to establish field quotas and probability weightings for Part II. Part II was conducted to determine smoker misclassification rates using salivary cotinine as an indication of active smoking. Part I, conducted in January 25-29, 1992, utilized random-digit dialing telephone interviewing throughout the 48 contiguous United States. Part II, conducted from February 19, 1992 to March 7, 1992, was a mall-intercept study in nine geographically disperse U.S. cities and it involved interviewing and saliva collection. Among married U.S. women, 25% reported they were current smokers, 22% reported they were former smokers, and 53% reported they were never smokers. Using a cotinine concentration of either > 35 ng/ml or > 106 ng/ml to indicate regular smoking, 3.61% and 2.55% of regular smokers, respectively, reported themselves to be never smokers. The concordance ratio, an important parameter in correcting for non-differential misclassification bias, was found to be 5.52. In addition, an indication of substantial differential misclassification was found between exposed and unexposed populations. This type of misclassification bias has previously not been accounted for in the adjustment of epidemiology-based risk assessments of tobacco smoke exposure and lung cancer. Taken together, these data suggest that misclassification bias alone is likely to explain any lung cancer risk elevation observed in the U.S. epidemiology of environmental tobacco smoke exposure among nonsmoking women.

Artefacts in determining the vapour‐particulate phase distribution of environmental tobacco smoke nicotine

A rapid gas chromatographic procedure with an analysis time of 5 min was developed for the determination of environmental nicotine collected on sorbent tubes containing XAD-4 resin. In validating this procedure, severe temporal losses of nicotine were observed for solutions in glass sample vials waiting in a queue in an autosampler tray for analysis. These losses were traced to adsorptive interactions of nicotine with the glass surface of the vials. The use of N-ethylnornicotine as the internal standard or the addition of triethylamine to all solutions were both successful in producing constant response ratios of nicotine to internal standard. Owing to the limited availability and expense of N-ethylnornicotine, our current procedure calls for the addition of triethylamine to all nicotine solutions at the 0.01% V/V level and the use of quinoline as internal standard.

Application of Methods for Evaluating Air Cleaner Performance

Particulate mass concentration measurements have been made on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for the purpose of assessing the relative accuracy of several measurement procedures. ETS over a range of concentrations was generated in an environmental chamber by three methods. Mass concentration was measured by a gravimetric/spectrophotometric collection procedure, piezoelectric particle mass monitors, two nephelometry-based mass monitors, and a particle counting and sizing system. Two-hour average mass concentrations were determined by each method for concentrations ranging from very low levels up to those achieved by smoking one entire cigarette in the chamber. Statistical comparisons were made among procedures employing the gravimetric filter measurement as the basis for comparison. One nephelometry-based procedure gave significantly higher and the other significantly lower values than the filter determination. In one case, a correction for the difference between the particle mass density of the calibra...

Effect of creatinine and specific gravity normalization techniques on xenobiotic biomarkers in smokers' spot and 24-h urines.

Abstract Nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) resides predominantly in the aerosol vapour phase as a result of evaporation from the particles of sidestream smoke. In true ETS (i. e., not concentrated or fresh sidestream smoke), the fraction of nicotine associated with the aerosol particulate phase is quite small, typically less than 5% of the total. Recently, some investigators have collected nicotine with sampling systems employing sorbent resin cartridges downstream from glass‐fibre filters, and have attributed the nicotine retained on the glass‐fibre filters to the particulate phase. The data reported here demonstrate that phase distributions and dynamics determined using glass‐fibre filters are due to sampling system artefacts. Glass‐fibre filters collect virtually all nicotine (vapour‐ and particulate‐phase) at relatively short sampling intervals (1–2 min). The percentage of total nicotine trapped on the filter decreases with increasing sampling time. Using such a system, only that amount of...