Paul R. Nelson

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): A market cigarette study

Abstract The environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) yield of selected analytes was determined for the 50 top-selling U.S. cigarette brand styles (1991) and the University of Kentucky Research cigarette, K1R4F. ETS was generated by smokers in an environmental test chamber. Analytes determined included real-time measurements of nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, respirable suspended particles (RSP), carbon monoxide, and total hydrocarbons by flame ionization detector response (FID). Real-time RSP values were determined independently by a piezoelectric balance and real-time aerosol monitor (RAM). Additional analytes determined on a time-integrated basis included: nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, myosmine, RSP, ultraviolet particulate matter (VUPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), solanesol, scopoletin, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, catechol, ammonia, 34 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and total VOCs (estimated by GC/mass spectrometric response). In general, lowering mainstream tar resulted in lower ETS emissions. The current study showed that ETS-RSP and nicotine were not predictive of each other. In fact, this ETS market brand style comparison showed a poor relationship between ETS nicotine and ETS-RSP. ETS analyte yields are summarized by mainstream tar categories, and overall sales-weighted average yields are calculated. Sales-weighted average ETS-RSP yields for full flavor (FF), full flavor low tar (FFLT), and ultra low tar (ULT) were 14.86, 12.30, and 10.51 mg/cig, respectively. The average RSP yield for all cigarettes evaluated was 13.67 mg/cig. These results, based on 65.3% of the U.S. cigarette market, should enable better estimations of the contribution of ETS to indoor air.

Personal Monitoring System for Measuring Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure

A monitoring system, calibration system and bar code-based, computer sample tracking system for measuring personal exposures to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are described. The monitoring system collects both vapor and particulate phase ETS analytes on a sorbent tube and filter, respectively, using a single sampling pump. Several battery pack configurations are described which enable continuous sampling times of 16, 28 and 48 h. Detailed methodologies are presented for determining nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine and myosmine in the vapor phase and respirable suspended particles, solanesol, scopoletin, UVPM and FPM in the particulate phase. Experiments conducted in a controlled-environment test chamber show that all analytes increase linearly with the number of cigarettes smoked. In addition, 3-ethenylpyridine is shown to track closely the vapor phase of ETS (as measured by CO and FID) while nicotine poorly estimates the vapor phase. These data support previously published findings that 3-ethenylpyridine i...

Composition of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from international cigarettes and determination of ETS-RSP: Particulate marker ratios

Abstract A survey of the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) generated by cigarettes from 11 countries was performed. The countries included: the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Malaysia, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The six leading brand styles from each country were smoked in an environmental test chamber. Concentration of the gas phase ETS components CO, NO, NO 2 , nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, myosmine, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were measured. Particle mass concentrations were also measured along with the particulate phase markers: ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), and solanesol. Qualitatively, the ETS generated by simultaneously smoking the six leading cigarettes did not differ greatly among countries. Apportionment factors for the particulate markers were determined for each country. Ratios of gravimetrically determined respirable suspended particles (RSP) to the surrogate standard concentrations for UVPM and FPM averaged 8.2 and 45, respectively. The average ratio of respirable suspended particles (RSP) to solanesol was 43.

Studies of environmental tobacco smoke generated by different cigarettes

ABSTRACT A method was developed to reproducibly measure environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) components generated by different cigarettes. Measurements were carried out in an unventilated, controlled environment chamber. True ETS (the aged and diluted combination of exhaled mainstream plus sidestream smoke) was generated by human smokers. To reliably quantitate components normally present at trace levels, the comparisons were carried out at elevated ETS concentrations—greater than 40 times those typically encountered in “real-world” settings. The method was applied to four commercially available cigarettes and a cigarette prototype that primarily heats tobacco. Forty-three properties and components of the gas and particulate phases of ETS generated by the different cigarettes were measured. Good precision of measurement was obtained both within and between tests. Statistically significant differences in the concentration of ETS components were observed among the different commercial cigarettes and between th...

A survey of mouth level exposure to cigarette smoke in the United States.

Smoke yields determined by a machine-based smoking method cannot adequately predict exposures experienced by human smokers. In this work, a filter analysis technique which addresses this fundamental limitation was used to measure mouth level exposures (MLE) to tar and nicotine in 1330 smokers of 26 brand-styles of US cigarettes covering a wide range of machine-generated yields. Despite the high degree of variability observed among individual smokers, MLEs were significantly correlated with machine-derived tar and nicotine yields (r=0.423 for nicotine MLE/cigarette; r=0.493 for tar MLE/cigarette; p<0.001 for both). Mean tar and nicotine MLE was higher for males than for females. Mean MLE across races was generally similar. Menthol cigarettes tended toward lower MLE than non-menthol cigarettes and King-Size cigarettes (≈ 83 mm) tended toward lower MLE than 100s cigarettes (≈ 100 mm), though those trends were not statistically significant. There were good agreements between MLEs measured in a group of 159 subjects smoking their usual cigarette brand-style on two separate occasions and between two independent groups of subjects smoking the same brand-styles. The results indicated that the filter analysis method used had sufficient precision to show similarity among groups.

Composition of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from international cigarettes Part II: Nine country follow-up

Abstract The environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) generated by cigarettes from nine countries was examined to determine selected component yields and ETS marker ratios. The countries tested included: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, England, Japan, Korea, and the United States. Six leading brand styles from each country were smoked in an environmental test chamber. Concentrations of the gas phase ETS components CO, NO, NO 2 , nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, myosmine, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were measured. Particle mass concentrations were also measured along with the particulate phase markers ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), and solanesol. The variation in the ETS generated by cigarettes from these nine countries was greater than observed in a previous test. Ratios of gravimetrically determined respirable suspended particles (RSP) to the surrogate standard concentrations for UVPM and FPM averaged 7.2 and 42, respectively. The average ratio of RSP to solanesol was determined to be 38. ETS component yields were relatively consistent among the countries tested and averaged 14, 59, 41, 1.3, and 0.4 mg/cig. for RSP, CO, TVOC, NO, and NO 2 , respectively.

Artefacts in determining the vapour‐particulate phase distribution of environmental tobacco smoke nicotine

Abstract Nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) resides predominantly in the aerosol vapour phase as a result of evaporation from the particles of sidestream smoke. In true ETS (i. e., not concentrated or fresh sidestream smoke), the fraction of nicotine associated with the aerosol particulate phase is quite small, typically less than 5% of the total. Recently, some investigators have collected nicotine with sampling systems employing sorbent resin cartridges downstream from glass‐fibre filters, and have attributed the nicotine retained on the glass‐fibre filters to the particulate phase. The data reported here demonstrate that phase distributions and dynamics determined using glass‐fibre filters are due to sampling system artefacts. Glass‐fibre filters collect virtually all nicotine (vapour‐ and particulate‐phase) at relatively short sampling intervals (1–2 min). The percentage of total nicotine trapped on the filter decreases with increasing sampling time. Using such a system, only that amount of...

Influence of cigarette filter ventilation on smokers’ mouth level exposure to tar and nicotine

ABSTRACT Cigarette filter ventilation allows air to be drawn into the filter, diluting the cigarette smoke. Although machine smoking reveals that toxicant yields are reduced, it does not predict human yields. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between cigarette filter ventilation and mouth level exposure (MLE) to tar and nicotine in cigarette smokers. We collated and reviewed data from 11 studies across 9 countries, in studies performed between 2005 and 2013 which contained data on MLE from 156 products with filter ventilation between 0% and 87%. MLE among 7534 participants to tar and nicotine was estimated using the part‐filter analysis method from spent filter tips. For each of the countries, MLE to tar and nicotine tended to decrease as filter ventilation increased. Across countries, per‐cigarette MLE to tar and nicotine decreased as filter ventilation increased from 0% to 87%. Daily MLE to tar and nicotine also decreased across the range of increasing filter ventilation. These data suggest that on average smokers of highly ventilated cigarettes are exposed to lower amounts of nicotine and tar per cigarette and per day than smokers of cigarettes with lower levels of ventilation. HighlightsCigarette filter ventilation allows air to be drawn into the filter, thereby diluting the cigarette smoke.We investigated relationships between ventilation and MLE to tar and nicotine in cigarette smokers.Data were collated from 11 studies in 9 countries, totalling 7534 participants.MLE to tar and nicotine tended to decrease as filter ventilation rate increased.Greater ventilation is associated with lower potential exposure to tar and nicotine in smokers.

Randomized Trial to Compare Smoking Cessation Rates of Snus, With and Without Smokeless Tobacco Health-Related Information, and a Nicotine Lozenge

Abstract Introduction Nicotine replacement medications are moderately effective in increasing quit rates. However, some smokers reject such aids, suggesting the value of considering alternative options. Snus, a smokeless tobacco product with low nitrosamine content, could offer an alternative. This study compared smoking cessation rates for snus, with and without information about reduced risk relative to smoking, with a nicotine lozenge (without relative risk information). Methods A randomized, open-label, multicenter clinical trial was performed with 649 smokers, aged 21 to 65, who smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day for the past year and who were motivated to quit smoking. Participants were followed for up to 12 months and were provided no counseling or support. Smoking cessation was analyzed as continuous smoking abstinence (no smoking following quit date) and repeated point prevalence abstinence (no smoking within past 7 days). Results Abstinence rates did not differ significantly between snus and the nicotine lozenge—continuous abstinence did not differ at any time point, and point prevalence rates differed only at month 3, when the lozenge group showed higher abstinence rates (17.4%) than either of the two snus groups (snus alone: 8.7%; snus plus information: 10.1%). Large percentages of participants used the products during the treatment period. Providing relative risk information to snus users did not affect snus use. The amount of use did not predict subsequent outcome. Adverse events were reported at similar rates across the three groups. Conclusions Smoking cessation rates were comparable between snus and a nicotine lozenge, but success rates in this trial were low. Implications This randomized trial of the nicotine lozenge, snus, or snus plus information on the relative risks of smokeless tobacco versus smoking found comparable but low smoking cessation rates for all three groups at weeks 12, 26, and 52. The one-time provision of relative risk information did not lead to greater snus use among those provided the information, suggesting no effect for this brief intervention.