Michael W. Ogden

Quantitation of isoprostane isomers in human urine from smokers and nonsmokers by LC-MS/MS

A simple, rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to identify and quantitate in human urine the isoprostanes iPF2α-III, 15-epi-iPF2α-III, iPF2α-VI, and 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI along with the prostaglandin PGF2α and 2,3-dinor-iPF2α-III, a metabolite of iPF2α-III. Assay specificity, linearity, precision, and accuracy met the required criteria for most analytes. The urine sample storage stability and standard solution stability were also tested. The methodology was applied to analyze 24 h urine samples collected from smokers and nonsmokers on controlled diets. The results for iPF2α-III obtained by our method were significantly correlated with results by an ELISA, although an ∼2-fold high bias was observed for the ELISA data. For iPF2α-III and its metabolite 2,3-dinor-iPF2α-III, smokers had significantly higher concentrations than nonsmokers (513 ± 275 vs. 294 ± 104 pg/mg creatinine; 3,030 ± 1,546 vs. 2,046 ± 836 pg/mg creatinine, respectively). The concentration of iPF2α-VI tended to be higher in smokers than in nonsmokers; however, the increase was not statistically significant in this sample set. Concentrations of the other three isoprostane isomers showed no trends toward differences between smokers and nonsmokers. Among smokers, the daily output of two type VI isoprostanes showed a weak correlation with the amount of tobacco smoke exposure, as determined by urinary excretion of total nicotine equivalents.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): A market cigarette study

Abstract The environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) yield of selected analytes was determined for the 50 top-selling U.S. cigarette brand styles (1991) and the University of Kentucky Research cigarette, K1R4F. ETS was generated by smokers in an environmental test chamber. Analytes determined included real-time measurements of nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, respirable suspended particles (RSP), carbon monoxide, and total hydrocarbons by flame ionization detector response (FID). Real-time RSP values were determined independently by a piezoelectric balance and real-time aerosol monitor (RAM). Additional analytes determined on a time-integrated basis included: nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, myosmine, RSP, ultraviolet particulate matter (VUPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), solanesol, scopoletin, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, catechol, ammonia, 34 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and total VOCs (estimated by GC/mass spectrometric response). In general, lowering mainstream tar resulted in lower ETS emissions. The current study showed that ETS-RSP and nicotine were not predictive of each other. In fact, this ETS market brand style comparison showed a poor relationship between ETS nicotine and ETS-RSP. ETS analyte yields are summarized by mainstream tar categories, and overall sales-weighted average yields are calculated. Sales-weighted average ETS-RSP yields for full flavor (FF), full flavor low tar (FFLT), and ultra low tar (ULT) were 14.86, 12.30, and 10.51 mg/cig, respectively. The average RSP yield for all cigarettes evaluated was 13.67 mg/cig. These results, based on 65.3% of the U.S. cigarette market, should enable better estimations of the contribution of ETS to indoor air.

Determination of volatile organic compounds and ETS apportionment in 49 homes

Abstract Forty-nine nonsmoking married women participated in a home personal exposure study for 28 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs). The women were selected and classified according to 18 socioeconomic categories based on age (18–34 y, 35–49 y, 50–64 y), family income (

Determination of volatile organic compounds and respirable suspended particulate matter in New Jersey and Pennsylvania homes and workplaces

40K), and husbands smoking status. Of the 29 analytes, 21 demonstrated no statistically significant difference in concentration between nonsmoking and smoking homes. One VOC, trichloroethylene, was elevated in the nonsmoking homes and seven VOCs, benzene, styrene, pyridine, 2-picoline, 3-picoline, 3-ethylpyridine, and 3-ethenylpyridine were elevated in the smoking homes. A correlation matrix and a factor analysis indicate that benzene and styrene were not significantly correlated or associated with 3-ethyenylpyridine, a proposed vapor phase environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) marker. All of the nitrogenous bases were significantly correlated with 3-ethenylpyridine. Benzene, styrene, and TVOC were not significantly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked; however, 3-ethenylpyridine was significantly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked. A Pearson correlation analysis indicated that gas heat and smoking husband were significantly correlated with elevated benzene concentrations, but a multiple regression model for benzene accounted for less than 30% of the total variance. ETS variables accounted for only 8% of the total variance. In the smoking homes, an apportionment technique was evaluated for selected VOCs in order to determine the median percentage of each analyte attributable to ETS. The results, with percentages attributable to ETS were TVOC (5.5%), benzene (13.2%), styrene (12.6%), pyridine (40.7%), 2-picoline (67.1%), 3-picoline (90.1%), 4-picoline (37.2%), and 3-ethylpyridine (62.0%). Indoor air sources other than ETS were also identified for limonene, tetrachlorethylene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and alkylbenzenes.

Personal Monitoring System for Measuring Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure

Abstract One hundred-four self-reported nonsmoking married women participated in a home and workplace personal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure study for 33 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), respirable suspended particulate matter (RSP), and ETS-RSP. The women were selected and classified according to socioeconomic categories based on age (25–39 y and 40+ y), total annual household income (

National incidence of smoking and misclassification among the U.S. married female population

40K), and reported ETS exposure status at home and at work (SH = smoking home, NSH = nonsmoking home, SW = smoking work, and NSW = nonsmoking work). Saliva samples were collected at the start and at the end of the study for cotinine determinations. Five participants (4.8% of the total), married to smokers and working in smoking workplaces, were excluded because they had average salivary cotinine concentrations greater than 10 ng/mL indicating that they were likely smokers. The background correction factor for cotinine (SH/NSH) or Z, indicated that total exposure was 4.8 times greater for those living with a smoker versus those not living with a smoker. Apportionment of TVOCs indicated that 3.4% of the TVOCs in the smoking homes and 0.8% of the TVOCs in the smoking workplaces were attributable to ETS. Apportionment of benzene and styrene indicated that 11.4% and 13.4%, respectively, were attributable to ETS in smoking homes; 11.5% and 6.2%, respectively, were attributable to ETS in smoking workplaces. RSP apportionment based on solanesol particulate matter (Sol-PM) indicated that 28.7% of the RSP in smoking homes and 22.7% of the RSP in smoking workplaces were attributable to ETS. RSP apportionment based on scopoletin particulate matter (Sco-PM) indicated that 12.9% of the RSP in smoking homes and 9.6% of the RSP in smoking workplaces were attributable to ETS. Median daily and weekly exposures to VOCs, TVOCs, and RSP were calculated from the concentrations determined and tended to follow the trend: SH > NSH > SW > NSW. The home/work exposure differential (SH/SW) indicated that ETS exposure was higher for living with a smoker than for working with a smoker by a factor of 3.7 for RSP and ETS-RSP and 2.4 for VOCs and TVOCs.

Fourteen-Day Inhalation Study in Rats, Using Aged and Diluted Sidestream Smoke from a Reference Cigarette I. Inhalation Toxicology and Histopathology

A monitoring system, calibration system and bar code-based, computer sample tracking system for measuring personal exposures to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are described. The monitoring system collects both vapor and particulate phase ETS analytes on a sorbent tube and filter, respectively, using a single sampling pump. Several battery pack configurations are described which enable continuous sampling times of 16, 28 and 48 h. Detailed methodologies are presented for determining nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine and myosmine in the vapor phase and respirable suspended particles, solanesol, scopoletin, UVPM and FPM in the particulate phase. Experiments conducted in a controlled-environment test chamber show that all analytes increase linearly with the number of cigarettes smoked. In addition, 3-ethenylpyridine is shown to track closely the vapor phase of ETS (as measured by CO and FID) while nicotine poorly estimates the vapor phase. These data support previously published findings that 3-ethenylpyridine i...

Composition of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from international cigarettes and determination of ETS-RSP: Particulate marker ratios

Because of a lack of representative data on smoking status misclassification among U.S. married females, a two-part study was conducted. Part I was conducted to obtain nationally representative estimates of the percentage of U.S. women who report themselves to be current, former, and never smokers, to determine the concordance of smoking habits among spouse pairs, and to establish field quotas and probability weightings for Part II. Part II was conducted to determine smoker misclassification rates using salivary cotinine as an indication of active smoking. Part I, conducted in January 25-29, 1992, utilized random-digit dialing telephone interviewing throughout the 48 contiguous United States. Part II, conducted from February 19, 1992 to March 7, 1992, was a mall-intercept study in nine geographically disperse U.S. cities and it involved interviewing and saliva collection. Among married U.S. women, 25% reported they were current smokers, 22% reported they were former smokers, and 53% reported they were never smokers. Using a cotinine concentration of either > 35 ng/ml or > 106 ng/ml to indicate regular smoking, 3.61% and 2.55% of regular smokers, respectively, reported themselves to be never smokers. The concordance ratio, an important parameter in correcting for non-differential misclassification bias, was found to be 5.52. In addition, an indication of substantial differential misclassification was found between exposed and unexposed populations. This type of misclassification bias has previously not been accounted for in the adjustment of epidemiology-based risk assessments of tobacco smoke exposure and lung cancer. Taken together, these data suggest that misclassification bias alone is likely to explain any lung cancer risk elevation observed in the U.S. epidemiology of environmental tobacco smoke exposure among nonsmoking women.

Improved gas chromatographic determination of nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke

Abstract Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed 6 hr per day for 14 consecutive days to aged and diluted sidestream smoke (ADSS), used as a surrogate for Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS), at concentrations of 0.1 (typical), 1 (extreme), or 10 (exaggerated) mg of particulates per cubic meter. Animals were exposed nose-only, inside whole-body chambers, to ADSS from the 1R4F reference cigarette. End-points included histopathology, CO-oximetry, plasma nicotine and cotinine, clinical pathology, and organ and body weights. The only pathological response observed was slight to mild epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation in the most rostral part of the nasal cavity, in the high-exposure group only. No effects were noted at medium or low exposures. The minimal changes noted were reversible, using a subgroup of animals kept without further treatment for an additional 14 days. Overall, the end-points used in the study demonstrated that there was no detectable biological activity of ADSS at typical or even 10-fold ETS concentrations and that the activity was only minimal at very exaggerated concentrations (particle concentrations 100 times higher than typical real-world concentrations).

Composition of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from international cigarettes Part II: Nine country follow-up

Abstract A survey of the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) generated by cigarettes from 11 countries was performed. The countries included: the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Malaysia, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The six leading brand styles from each country were smoked in an environmental test chamber. Concentration of the gas phase ETS components CO, NO, NO 2 , nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine, myosmine, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were measured. Particle mass concentrations were also measured along with the particulate phase markers: ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), and solanesol. Qualitatively, the ETS generated by simultaneously smoking the six leading cigarettes did not differ greatly among countries. Apportionment factors for the particulate markers were determined for each country. Ratios of gravimetrically determined respirable suspended particles (RSP) to the surrogate standard concentrations for UVPM and FPM averaged 8.2 and 45, respectively. The average ratio of respirable suspended particles (RSP) to solanesol was 43.