Denis Lavigne

MARKAL Model with Elastic Demands: Application to Greenhouse Gas Emission Control

MARKAL (Fishbone and Abilock, 1981; Berger et al, 1992) is a multi-period bottom-up model of energy-environment systems characterized by the high degree of disaggregation in the representation of the energy/technology options. MARKAL computes a competitive partial equilibrium on the energy market, where the endogenous energy prices are equal to the marginal values of the energy forms, and where demands for energy services are exogenously set by scenario. MARKAL is used in more than 20 countries, many of them members of the ETSAP consortium, which operates under implementing agreements from the International Energy Agency (IEA). Recent applications of MARKAL have focused on the analysis of Greenhouse Gas emission control (Kram, 1993).

Decomposition of Multi-Player Linear Programs

We consider a set of n players, each of which produces and consumes a set of q commodities. Commodities produced by player i are consumed by that same player, and/or exported to players j = 1,… ‚ n possibly with some loss factor along arc ij. We set for player i the following mathematical program

Modelling the impacts of challenging 2020 non-ETS GHG emissions reduction targets on Ireland′s energy system

\left( {L{P_i}} \right)\left\{ {{A_i}{x_i} - \sum\limits_j {E_{ij}^{ - 1}{s_{ij}} + } \mathop {\mathop {\sum\limits_j^{\mathop {\min {c_i}{x_i}}\limits_{_{{x_i}}} } {{s_{ji}} \ge {b_i}} }\limits_{{B_i}{x_i} \ge {d_i}} }\limits_{{s_{ij}} \ge 0\,\,\,\,all\,j,} } \right.

SOCIO-MARKAL: Integrating energy consumption behavioral changes in the technological optimization framework

(a) where x i is the vector of activities of player i C i is the vector of unit costs of the activities S ij is the q dimensional vector of exportations from i to j (delivered to j) E ij is a q × q diagonal matrix (eilj) with eiljequal to the fraction of flow l along ij that arrives at destination j A i defines the production constraints of player i b i is the vector of demands for the q commodities by player i B i , d i define linear constraints involving only player i. These constraints will also be denoted x i ∈ L i in the sequel.