Dina Siegel

Women who traffic women: the role of women in human trafficking networks – Dutch cases

In the context of human trafficking, women are frequently portrayed as victims, whereas men are usually seen as offenders. In this article, we will demonstrate that women can also fulfil active, even leading, roles in human trafficking networks. Based on data collected from 89 court files in various Dutch courts in 2006–2007, we have analysed the role, tasks, and activities of these women. Assessing their independence, their tasks, and the extent of their equality in relationships with male traffickers, we have divided them into three categories: supporters, partners-in-crime, and madams. We have found that there is a wide variety of possible roles within the framework of human trafficking activities, and that African madams hold key positions in international human trafficking networks.

Organized crime and ethnic reputation manipulation

Criminologists often use culture andethnicity to explain crime. In thistradition, organized crime is presentedwith an exotic flavor and the list oftransnational criminal organizations readslike an inventory of ethnic minorities andforeign groups. But the relation betweenethnicity and organized crime isproblematic to say the least. In the courseof our research on several groups active inthe Netherlands (Turkish and Kurdish heroindealers, Yugoslav and Russian-speaking mafiosi, Colombian cocaine dealers andNigerian prostitutes), we have learned toreverse the assumed causal relationship.Ethnic reputation manipulation is essentialto committing crime. This article arguesthat criminal groups and individualsexploit and construct ethnicity in variousways as they engage in criminal activities.Either concealing or emphasizing specificethnic reputations, they are able toaddress any number of audiences (insiders,outsiders, the law).

Organized crime: Culture, Markets and Policies

Dina Siegel and Hans Nelen - Introduction 1 Criminal groups and activities Historical transformations Anton Blok - Reflections on the Sicilian Mafia: Peripheries and their Impact on Centres 11 Letizia Paoli - The Decline of the Italian Mafia 27 Emanuel Marx - Hashish Smuggling by Bedouin in South Sinai 55 Transnational flows Sheldon X. Zhang and Samuel Pineda - Corruption as a Causal Factor in Human Trafficking 77 Stefano Becucci - New Players in an Old Game: the Sex Market in Italy 113 Tihomir Bezlov and Philip Gounev - The vehicle Theft Market in Bulgaria 143 The intertwinement of illegitimate and legitimate activities Dina Siegel - Diamonds and Organized Crime. The Case of Antwerp 169 Tim Boekhout van Solinge - Eco-Crime: the Tropical Timber Trade 193 Henk van de Bunt - The Role of Hawala Bankers in the Transfer of Proceeds from Organized Crime 223 Hans Nelen and Francien Lankhorst - Facilitating Organized Crime the Role of Lawyers and Notaries 249 Containment and prevention Law enforcement Carlo Morselli, Dave Tanguay, and Anne-Marie Labalette Criminal Conflicts and Collective Violence: Biker-Related Account Settlements in Quebec, 1994-2001 287 Richard Staring - Controlling Human Smuggling in the Netherlands. How the Smuggling of Human Beings Was Transformed into a Serious Criinal Offence 327 Dual strategies James B. Jacobs - The Civil RICO Law as theDecisive Weapon in Combating Labor Racketeering 365 Antonio La Spina - Recent Anti-Mafia Strategies: the Italian Experience 383 Hans Nelen and Wim Huisman - Breaking the power of organized crime? The administrative approach in Amsterdam 405 New York dual strategy to contain organized crime 427 About the authors 449 Index

Traditional Organized Crime in the Modern World

Italian organized crime groups—namely, Cosa Nostra, the Camorra and the ‘Ndrangheta—have often been identified with the single name ‘‘mafia’’. However, despite some similarities especially in the business of private protection, Italian mafias present several differences which become asymmetries due to a centralized anti-mafia legislation and a centralized law enforcement and judicial system. They have had a different impact on criminal organizations with different cultures, traditions and power over the territory, as well as different regard by the State and civil society. After a brief outlook on the main features of the three criminal organizations and the changes they have experienced in the last decades, this chapter focuses on the broad spectrum of illegal activities conducted and the business opportunities exploited by each of them in order to highlight the main differences. On the basis of these differences, reactions of the State and the civil society are then examined, pointing out how the same legislation has had a different impact on the existence and the activities of the three Italian mafias. E. U. Savona (&) Department of Sociology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy e-mail: ernesto.savona@unicatt.it E. U. Savona Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime, Largo A. Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy D. Siegel and H. van de Bunt (eds.), Traditional Organized Crime in the Modern World, Studies of Organized Crime 11, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3212-8_1, Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 3

Natashas and Turkish Men: New Trends in Women Trafficking and Prostitution

In the second half of the 20th century the sex industry became a worldwide phenomenon. The annual illicit profits of criminal organizations involved in human trafficking are estimated by the United Nations at about seven billion dollars (Caldwell et al, 1997:42). Many countries, ranging from Asia to Africa, have gained a reputation for being involved in women trafficking. The Ukrainian Ministry of Interior, for instance, estimated that 400,000 Ukrainian women were trafficked in the past decade, according to figures from the International Organization for Migration. In the Baltic countries there is considerable trafficking from Lithuania. (IOM, April 25, 2001)67.

Ethical Concerns in Research on Human Trafficking

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The transnational Russian maffia

The Russian Mafia28 has been identified by various writers as a transnational criminal organization (Amir, 1996; Bovenkerk and Siegel, 2000; Gilinski, 2002; Shelley, 1997, Williams, 1995; Williams, 1997). It is assumed that the opening of the borders and the mass emigration after the break-up of the Soviet Union provided Russian criminals with the opportunity to organize criminal enterprises abroad, to create networks among immigrants and to organize their activities all over the world. Some criminologists consider organized crime an inevitable aspect of migration (Amir, 1996; Finckenauer & Waring, 1998). They also argue that organized crime usually takes place among immigrants during the first stage of their settling in the receiving countries. Successful immigrant businessmen, leading sportsmen, politicians and other public figures become targets for kidnapping, extortion or other violent crimes (Konstantinov and Dikselius, 1997:453).

Vory v zakone : Russian Organized Crime

This article discusses major changes in the criminal traditions, rituals and activities of Russian organized crime, the role of vory v zakone throughout history, and the creation of a new image and a new reputation of the Russian Mafia in the post-Soviet period. Organized crime has always existed in Russia, but the years of reform and transition have been crucial in the emergence of new criminal groups and new forms of criminality. The latest events in the Russian underworld are described to highlight the conflict between the traditional vory v zakone and the new generation of post-reform criminals who have strong ties to business and politics and are currently trying to oust the vory from their traditional leading position.

Contemporary Organized Crime.: Developments, Challenges and Responses.

This is the third publication (after Siegel et al. (eds.) (2003) Global Organized Crime. Trends and Developments; and Siegel and Nelen (eds.) (2008). Organized Crime: Culture, Markets and Policies) in which the most relevant papers that were presented during seminars of the Centre for Information and Research (CIROC) are brought together. The papers cover the period 2012-2015. The contributors provide up to date understanding of various aspects of organized crime, as well as the various responses that have been developed worldwide to contain serious forms of crime. The emphasis of the book is on six specific phenomena of organized crime and its containment.

The Mobility of East and Central European Organized Crime: The Cases of Lithuania, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania

In this article, an analysis is made of the socio-economic and political conditions that led to the rise to prominence of organized crime groups in four East and Central European countries, namely Bulgaria, Romania, Poland and Lithuania. These four countries have undergone the transition from socialism to the capitalist market system and benefited from the expansion of the EU, the two processes, which have enabled and facilitated the rise and easy mobility of organized crime, as well as the emergence of new forms of cross-border crime. Structural changes in the setup of criminal organisations, from the ‘old-style’ strictly hierarchical organisations of the 1990s to the present-day multiple flexible criminal networks, have enabled a new generation of criminals to expand their areas of influence and develop new criminal markets and products abroad. The ease with which criminal organisations from different countries appear to be able to connect and collaborate with each other has further facilitated the increase in cross-border activities by these groups.