Diovani Paiano

Nutritional evaluation of dry grain and silage of higher oil corn on growing - finishing pigs feeding

ABSTRACT - Two experiments were carried out to determine nutritive value and verify performance of growing andfinishing swine feed high moisture corn silage (HMCS) and reconstituted silage (RS) of higher oil corn. The digestibility assaywas carried twelve cross breed barrow, were allotted in metabolism cages, in a completely randomized design. The values ofdigestible dry matter (DDM), digestible protein (DP), digestible starch (DS), digestible ether extract (DEE), digestible organicmatter (DOM), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) were for DG, HMCS and RS; 83.42, 7.54, 63.90, 4.40,82.28%; 3,587 and 3,513 kcal/kg; 60.80, 4.85, 45.01, 3.10, 59.50%; 2,647 and 2,509 kcal/kg; 66.48, 6.16, 49.04, 3.41, 65.67%;2,853 and 2,797 kcal/kg, respectively, based on natural matter. In the performance experiment thirty-two cross breed swinewere distributed in four treatments in a completely randomized design, with four experimental units and two pigs per experimentalunits. The treatments consisted of a basal corn and soybean meal diet and three diets with total replacement of common cornby DG, HMCS and RS higher oil corn based on the digestible energy. No differences were found among the treatments in the growin gphase. In finishing phase, daily feed intake increased for the HMCS when compared with the control diet. The price of the dietper kilogram gain of body weight for the HMCS had decreased, in growing phase and finishing phase. It was concluded that theDG, HMCS and RS, could totally replace the common corn on growing and finishing diet, without impairing performance. Dietswith high moisture corn silage resulted in smaller cost per kilogram of produced animal.Key Words: carcass traits, digestibility, energy values, performance

Relações treonina:lisina digestíveis e níveis de energia líquida para suínos em crescimento e terminação

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of five digestible threonine:lysine ratios (TL) on the nitrogen balance of growing pigs and five levels of net energy (NE) on growing-finishing pigs performance. In the first experiment, 15 high-lean commercial crossbred barrows, with initial weight of 37.0 ± 2.6 kg, were allotted to a completely randomized design, with five diets (digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.574, 0.624, 0.673, 0.722, and 0.772, in low protein diets, 14.7%) and three replications. Absorbed crude protein (ACP) and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) showed a quadratic effect and the best threonine:digestible lysine ratio was 0.658 (mean of ACP and PUN). In the second experiment, five EL dietary levels were evaluated with digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.658. Forty pigs (20 barrows and 20 gilts) with 30.2 ± 1.3 kg were allotted to a completely randomized design, as a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, composed of five levels of NE (2.410, 2.450, 2.490, 2.530, or 2.570 Mcal/kg) and two sexes, with one animal per cage. In the finishing phase and total period, increasing NE levels reduced feed intake (FI), improved feed:gain ratio (FGR) and increased fat deposition. Digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.658 improves nitrogen retention and the increasing net energy levels decrease FI and improve FGR, but may increase fat deposition in pigs.

Avaliação nutricional da casca de soja com ou sem complexo enzimático na alimentação de leitões na fase inicial

Tres experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adicao de complexo enzimatico (CE) sobre o valor nutritivo da casca de soja utilizada na alimentacao de suinos na fase inicial. O complexo enzimatico utilizado continha α-galactosidase, β-glucanase, galactomananase e xilanase. No experimento 1, determinou-se a digestibilidade da casca de soja com complexo enzimatico (0, 200 e 300 mg/kg) em leitoes com peso inicial de 22,49 ± 1,73 kg. Nenhum dos niveis de complexo enzimatico afetou a digestibilidade da casca de soja. Assim, realizou-se outro ensaio de digestibilidade (experimento 2) com dois niveis (0 e 600 mg/kg) de complexo enzimatico e, novamente, a adicao de complexo enzimatico (600 mg de CE/kg de racao) nao melhorou a digestibilidade da casca de soja. No experimento para analise do desempenho (experimento 3), foram utilizados 60 leitoes, machos castrados e femeas com peso inicial de 15,07 ± 1,69 kg, distribuidos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, seis repeticoes e dois animais por unidade experimental. Avaliaram-se uma racao a base de milho e farelo de soja e outras quatro racoes isonutritivas com 15% de casca de soja e complexo enzimatico nos niveis 0, 200, 400 ou 600 mg/kg. O consumo diario de racao e o ganho de peso diario foram menores entre os animais alimentados com a racao contendo casca de soja em comparacao aqueles alimentados com a racao-referencia. Entretanto, a conversao alimentar melhorou de forma linear com inclusao do complexo enzimatico (200, 400 e 600 mg/kg). O uso do complexo enzimatico nao afeta a digestibilidade da casca de soja, mas melhora a conversao alimentar de leitoes (15-30 kg) alimentados com dietas contendo 15% de casca de soja.

Nitrogen balance of starting barrow pigs fed on increasing lysine levels

The effects of increasing lysine levels on nitrogen balance of pigs fed on low protein diets were evaluated. Four treatments (diets) containing lysine levels (0.8, 1.0 1.2 and 1.4%) were applied to 12 starting (20.0 ± 1.8 kg) barrow pigs. Methionine, threonine and tryptophan were kept constant to the lysine ratio in all diets. Feces and urine were collected during a 5-day period. Nitrogen output in urine (NOU), total nitrogen output (TNO), nitrogen retention (NR), net protein utilization (NPU), biological value or feed protein (BVFP), urine urea nitrogen (UUN), and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) were determined. PUN showed high negative correlations with BVFP (-0.84), NPU (-0.76), and NR (-0.78) and a positive correlation (0.79) to NOU. Lowest nitrogen excretion and the best use of diet protein were obtained with 1.1% total lysine level. PUN is efficient to indicate amino acid for pigs.

Ecotoxicological effects of pig manure on Folsomia candida in subtropical Brazilian soils

The effects of pig manure, from diets incorporating veterinary pharmaceuticals, on survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida were evaluated. Manures derived from the following diets: corn and soymeal (CS); 85% CS diet+15% wheat meal (TR); CS diet+100ppm doxycycline+50ppm colistin+2500ppm Zn oxide (CSa); TR diet+100ppm doxycycline+50ppm colistin+2500ppm Zn oxide (TRa). Manures were tested in two subtropical soils representative of southern (Oxisol and Entisol). Despite the antibiotics no significant differences were found between the four manures within each soil. However, strong differences were found on the toxicity between soils. In Oxisol, LC50 values were around 100m(3)ha(-1), and EC50 values around 80m(3)ha(-1). In Entisol these were much lower, with LC50 values oscillating around 20m(3)ha(-1) and EC50 values between 10-15m(3)ha(-1). The observed toxicity on both soils was attributed to excess of nitrogen, Cu and Zn in the highest doses. The strong difference between soils could be explained by soil properties, namely CEC, organic matter, and clay contents that were lower in Entisol, indicating a poor ability to retain contaminants increasing their availability in soil. Results suggest that the application of these residues should be regulated not only using a volume-based criterion, but should incorporate data on soil properties, complemented by an ecotoxicological assessment.

Effects of different grinding levels (particle size) of soybean hull on starting pigs performance and digestibility

Two experiments were carried out to study the effects of grinding of soybean hulls (SH) on starting pigs (15-30 kg) diets. Experiment I consisted of a digestibility trial with 12 barrows, initial average body weight 21.9±1.29 kg, in which the best digestibility coefficient (DC) of DM and GE was obtained with SH ground through a 2.5mm screen mesh, evaluated for CP and ME, a best DC was attained with 3.0 mm screen mesh. In the Experiment II, five diets with increasing SH (2.5 mm) levels (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 %) for starting piglets were formulated. A quadratic response in daily weight gain (DWG) occurred, according to SH inclusion. Worst DWG occurred at 7.75 % SH inclusion. Daily feed intake, feed: gain ratio and plasma urea nitrogen were not affected by inclusion levels. In conclusion, although soybean hull grinding improves the digestible nutrients, inclusion of SH on starting pig diets is economically unfeasible.

Nutritional evaluation of cassava root silage with or without whole soybean for nursery piglets

Two experiments were carried out to determine nutritive value and verify performance of piglets fed diets with by cassava root silage with or without whole soybean. In the first experiment, 15 crossbred barrows with initial BW of 21.90 ± 2.54 kg were allotted to a split plot design, whole plot (animals) and plot (time) with five diets and six repetitions. Four cassava root silages were evaluated: without inoculant (CA), with inoculant (CI), with integral soy (CS), and with integral soy and inoculant (CSI). The digestible values of dry matter, protein and ether extract of CS and CSI silages and of starch, organic matter and energy andthe metabolizable energy were 80.95, 1.82, 75.01, 77.31%, 3,249 and 3,184 kcal/kg for CA; 82.30, 1.95, 74.65, 81.81%, 3,292 and 3,271 kcal/kg for CI; 80.08, 6.69, 2.35, 64.18, 79.25%, 3,452 and 3,370 kcal/kg for CS and 79.22, 6.73, 2.20, 66.79, 78.46%, 3,342 and 3,303 kcal/kg for CSI, respectively, based on 85.45% dry matter. The use of inoculant bacterial enzyme was not effective to improve nutrients digestibility. In the second experiment, 36 crossbred piglets with initial 14.67±1.07 kg BW were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (feed and weight classes), with six replications and two piglets per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a corn-soy meal based diet and other two diets with total cornreplacement by cassava root silage with or without whole soybean. The offer of cassava silage + soybean decreased average daily gain, while the cassava silage + soybean and corn-soy meal based diet worst feed:gain of the piglets. Cassava root silage, with or without whole soybean, showed higher nutritive value and could be used without restriction in piglet feeding in the initial phase.

Relações treonina:lisina digestíveis para suínos na fase inicial, alimentados com rações de baixa proteína, calculadas de acordo com o conceito de energia líquida

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de estudar, no primeiro, o efeito de diferentes relacoes treonina:lisina digestiveis (TL) sobre a utilizacao do nitrogenio (N) em suinos na fase inicial, dos 15 aos 30kg de peso, e, no segundo, o efeito dessas relacoes sobre o desempenho dos animais. No primeiro experimento, foi avaliado o balanco de nitrogenio, utilizando-se 20 suinos machos castrados, hibridos comerciais de media a alta deposicao de tecido magro, com peso inicial de 23,0±4,1kg. Os suinos foram distribuidos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso. As racoes continham baixo nivel de proteina (17,3%), e as relacoes TL foram: 0,574; 0,624; 0,673; 0,722 e 0,772. A proteina bruta total excretada (PBTE), a proteina bruta retida (PBR) e a utilizacao liquida da proteina (ULP) apresentaram efeito quadratico, e os melhores valores nas relacoes foram 0,648; 0,648 e 0,649, respectivamente. A melhor relacao TL foi 0,649 (media da PBR e ULP). No segundo experimento, foi avaliado o efeito dessa relacao sobre o desempenho dos suinos na fase inicial. Foram utilizados 60 animais (30 machos castrados e 30 femeas) com peso inicial de 15,5±1,5kg, de caracteristicas semelhantes ao primeiro experimento, distribuidos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2 (cinco relacoes TL e dois sexos, com dois animais por baia). Foram utilizadas seis baias por tratamento, com tres de machos e tres de femeas cada. Nao houve efeito da relacao TL sobre o consumo diario de racao e o ganho diario de peso, e houve efeito quadratico, com ponto de minimo, sobre a conversao alimentar com a relacao TL de 0,691. Os resultados indicam que a relacao TL de 0,649 maximiza a retencao de nitrogenio e a relacao TL de 0,691 permite melhor conversao alimentar para leitoes dos 15 aos 30kg de peso.

Creatine kinase and ATPase activities in piglets fed a fungal mycotoxin co-contaminated diet: Consequences in the pathogenesis of subclinical intoxication

Creatine kinase (CK) activity, through the creatine-kinase-phosphocreatine (CK/PCr) system, provides a temporal and spatial energy buffer to maintain cellular energetic homeostasis, being responsible to provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the proper function of ATPases enzymes, such as the sodium-potassium (Na+, K+-ATPase) and hydrogen (H+-ATPase) pumps. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of CK/PCr system in the impairment of energetic homeostasis in piglets fed with a diet co-contaminated with mycotoxins, as well as the effects on ATPases enzymes. Animals were randomly divided in two groups (eight repetitions with two animals each): CON (basal diet) and MYC (mycotoxin diet; 9300 μg/kg of aflatoxins and 8000 μg/kg of fumonisins) which were feed during 15 days. Piglets that received a diet containing 300 μg/kg of aflatoxins and 8000 μg/kg of fumonisins (MYC group) presented lower body weight on days 10 and 15 of experiment when compared to control (CON group). Serum CK activity was lower on days 5, 10 and 15 of experiment in the MYC group. The same occurred for serum Na+, K+-ATPase and H+-ATPase activities on days 10 and 15 when compared to CON group. Moreover, serum calcium levels were superior on day 15 of experiment in the MYC group, while serum potassium and sodium levels were lower in comparison to CON group. Based on these evidences, a diet co-contaminated by aflatoxins and fumonisins inhibits serum CK activity, impairing the energetic homeostasis. This inhibition alters the activities of ATPases (Na+, K+-ATPase and H+-ATPase), contributing to the imbalance of Na+, K+ and Ca+ ionic levels. In summary, the cascade of alterations contributes directly to disease pathogenesis of piglets intoxicated by mycotoxins.

Apparent metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility of microalgae Spirulina platensis as an ingredient in broiler chicken diets

ABSTRACT 1. This work investigates the apparent metabolisable energy (AME), its nitrogen-corrected form (AMEn) and amino acid (AA) digestibility coefficients of the microalgae Spirulina platensis as an ingredient in broiler chicken diets. 2. One group of birds was fed with a basal control diet (BD), and another was fed with a test diet composed of the BD with the addition of the microalgae at a proportion of 200 g/kg. AME and AMEn were assessed by total excreta collection and indigestibility analysis using acid-insoluble ash (AIA) as a marker. 3. The microalgae comprised 888.0 g/kg dry matter (DM), 18.42 MJ/kg gross energy, 514.7 g/kg crude protein, 9.9 g/kg ether extract, 10.6 g/kg crude fibre, 94.4 g/kg ash, 3.1 g/kg Ca and 11.0 g/kg P. 4. The values obtained for AME (13.48 MJ/kg DM) and AMEn (11.72 MJ/kg DM) were higher (p < 0.01) than those obtained using the AIA method (9.39–8.29 MJ/kg DM). The microalgae ileal digestibility coefficients were 0.80 ± 0.04 and 0.78 ± 0.04 for essential and non-essential AA, respectively. 5. Overall, the metabolisable energy content and digestibility of AA for S. platensis indicated that the microalgae are potentially an alternative nutrient source for broilers. The AIA method underestimated AME and AMEn in comparison to the total excreta collection method.