Paulo Levi de Oliveira Carvalho

Utilização da casca de café na alimentação de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação

Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional values of sticky (SC) and dry coffee hulls (DC) and their effects on the performance and carcass quality of growing and finishing pigs. The hulls were ground in 2.5 mm (for SC2 and DC2) and 4.0 mm (SC4 and DC4). In Exp 1, two digestibility assays were carried out with 15 barrow pigs weighting 45.7 ± 4.12 kg and 77.5 ± 6.28 kg for growing and finishing phases, respectively. The digestible energy (DE) values (kcal/kg) for SC2, SC4, DC2 and DC4 were 2,494, 2498, 1,236 and 1,345. The values of the SC showed DE values superior to DC, however, the grinding process did not improved the DE values. In experiment 2, 40 crossbred pigs were used, averaging initially 33.42 ± 0.53 kg and 59.45 ± 0.14 kg in the growing and finishing phases, respectively. Five SC4 inclusion levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) were evaluated. In the growing phase, the daily feed intake (DFI) presented differences for 20% inclusion level when compared with control diet (CD). There was a linear decrease on daily weight gain (DWG) when DC4 increase on diet and F: G ratio was the same for CM4 inclusions and CD. In the finishing phase, there was a linear reduction of DFI with the increasing inclusion SC4 level. There was quadratic effect for DWG, which was better in the inclusion of 8.43%. The backfat thickness values in SC4 treatments were lower as compared to CD in both phases. There was a linear reduction of hot carcass weight and ham weight in the inclusion levels. The hot carcass yielding worst in each inclusion levels as compared to CD. The results suggest that the inclusion up to 5.0% of SC4 in the growing phase and 9.5% in the finishing phase, because it is economically viable with no effect on performance, besides to produce lean meat carcasses.

Relações treonina:lisina digestíveis e níveis de energia líquida para suínos em crescimento e terminação

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of five digestible threonine:lysine ratios (TL) on the nitrogen balance of growing pigs and five levels of net energy (NE) on growing-finishing pigs performance. In the first experiment, 15 high-lean commercial crossbred barrows, with initial weight of 37.0 ± 2.6 kg, were allotted to a completely randomized design, with five diets (digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.574, 0.624, 0.673, 0.722, and 0.772, in low protein diets, 14.7%) and three replications. Absorbed crude protein (ACP) and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) showed a quadratic effect and the best threonine:digestible lysine ratio was 0.658 (mean of ACP and PUN). In the second experiment, five EL dietary levels were evaluated with digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.658. Forty pigs (20 barrows and 20 gilts) with 30.2 ± 1.3 kg were allotted to a completely randomized design, as a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, composed of five levels of NE (2.410, 2.450, 2.490, 2.530, or 2.570 Mcal/kg) and two sexes, with one animal per cage. In the finishing phase and total period, increasing NE levels reduced feed intake (FI), improved feed:gain ratio (FGR) and increased fat deposition. Digestible threonine:lysine ratio of 0.658 improves nitrogen retention and the increasing net energy levels decrease FI and improve FGR, but may increase fat deposition in pigs.

Glicerinas semipurificadas na alimentação de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação (30-90 kg)

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional e avaliar o desempenho e caracteristicas de carcaca de suinos na fase de crescimento-terminacao, alimentados com racoes contendo dois tipos de glicerinas semipurificadas, uma de oleo vegetal (GSPV) e uma mista de oleo de soja + gordura animal (GSPM). No ensaio de digestibilidade (experimento I) foram utilizados 32 suinos mesticos, machos castrados, com 45,08 ± 4,11kg. Foram utilizados tres niveis de inclusao (6; 12 e 18%) de glicerina semipurificada (GSPV e GSPM) na dieta referencia. A energia metabolizavel (EM) das glicerinas foi estimada pela analise de regressao do consumo de EM (Kcal/kg) associada a glicerina vs. o consumo de glicerina (kg). Os valores de EM (Kcal/kg) obtidos foram: 2.731 para GSPV e 2.210 para GSPM. No Experimento II, 72 suinos (30,08 ± 1,65kg a 60,58 ± 3,57kg) na fase de crescimento e (60,83 ± 2,63kg a 93,79 ± 5,72kg) na fase de terminacao, foram distribuidos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 + 1, sendo dois tipos de glicerina semipurificada (GSPV e GSPM), quatro niveis de inclusao (4; 8; 12 e 16%), oito unidades experimentais e uma racao testemunha, nao contendo glicerina (0%). Todos os suinos foram abatidos para determinacao das caracteristicas da carcaca. Os resultados de desempenho sugerem que e viavel a utilizacao em ate 16% de ambas as glicerinas na alimentacao de suinos em crescimento e terminacao, sem prejuizos no desempenho e caracteristicas de carcaca.

Levedura de cana-de-açúcar spray dry na alimentação de suínos na fase de crescimento e terminação

ABSTRACT The nutritional value of two spray dry yeast (sugar cane – SCYSD and brewer+sugar cane – BYSD) and their inclusion effects on growing and finishing pigs feeding was studied. The DE (kcal/kg) values for SCYSD and BYSD were 3.496 and 3.901 and for ME (kcal/kg) they were 3.475 and 3.862. The values of digestible lysine, methionine+cistine and threonine for SCYSD and BYSD were: 2.66 and 2.64%; 1.11 and 1.03%: 1.95 and 1.92%. 40 pigs with initial weight of 34.39±7.57kg (growing) and 62.45±5.68kg (finishing), allotted in a completely randomized design with five levels of SCYSD inclusion were used in the performance assay. In the growing phase, there was an impairing on DWG and F:G, however, in the finishing phase, DFI presented a quadratic effect, being 3.32% the best level and linear reduction of DWG, F:G, slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass yield and ham weight. The results suggest that increasing levels of SCYSD may impair the performance of growing and finishing pigs. Keywords: Brewer yeast, by-product, digestible amino acids, ileal canula, nutritional value

Glicerina semipurificada neutralizada na alimentação de leitões na fase pré-inicial (6 A 15 kg)

Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value of neutralized semi-purified glycerin (NSPG) and to evaluate the performance of pre-starting piglets (6-15 kg) fed on diets containing increasing levels of NSPG. In Experiment I, a digestibility trial with 30 barrows (11.80 ± 5.12 kg live weight) was conducted, in which they were allotted in a randomized block design. Replacement levels of the basal diet by NSPG were 3, 6, 9, and 12%. The values (as-fed-base) of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of NSPG were 3535 and 3279 kcal/kg, respectively. In Experiment II, 135 piglets, weaned at 21 days of age (6.85 ± 1.28 to 15.04 ± 2.06 kg), were allotted in a randomized-block design. Treatments consisted of five diets (3, 6, 9, and 12% NSPG as well as a control diet with 0% of NSPG), with nine replications, and three piglets per experimental unit. The results show that, in the pre-starting I (6-10 kg) phase, adding NSPG promoted a linear improvement in the average daily gain (ADG) and the feed-to-gain ratio (F:G). For the total period (6-15 kg), only linear improvements (P ≤ 0.05) to ADG were observed. The plasma variables were not influenced (P ≥ 0.05) by the inclusion of NSPG, as it remained within the biological range of the species. The results suggest that up to 12% NSPG can be included in the diets of piglets (6-15 kg) without impairing the plasmatic variables, performance, and economic feasibility.

Levedura mista (cerveja + cana-de-açúcar) spray-dry na alimentação de leitões na fase inicial

Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional values of the spray-dry yeast sugar cane (LEV35) and mixed (brewer + sugar cane – LEV40) and the inclusion effect on starting pigs diets on performance and economic feasibility. In total digestibility assays were used fifteen barrow pigs with initial body weight of 21.49 ± 4.85 kg were allotted in a completely randomized design. The values of digestible and metabolizable energy as-fed basis for LEV35 and LEV40 were: 2788 and 3455 (kcal/kg); 2761 and 3289 (kcal/kg), respectively. In performance trial were evaluated five inclusions levels of LEV40 (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 %) utilizing 50 piglets, with initial weight of 14.60 ± 1.28 kg in meal form, distributed in a completely randomized bloc design. In second performance trial were evaluated five inclusions levels of previous assay in meal form or pellet form, using 80 piglets, with initial weight of 15.16 ± 2.00 kg, allotted in a completely randomized factorial 5 x 2. The results indicate that the inclusion of up to 20 % of LEV40 in diets for piglets in the two forms did not affect performance. However, the economic feasibility will depend on the price relationship between the ingredients.

Neutral semi-purified glycerin in growing and finishing pigs feeding

Abstract The experiment was carried out to evaluate performance, plasma variables, carcass traits and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs fed on diets with increasing levels of neutralized semi-purified glycerin (NSPG). Eighty growing pig (30.31 ± 0.47 to 60.41 ± 0.87 kg) and 80 finishing pigs (60.45 ± 0.46 to 90.99 ± 0.83 kg) were enrolled. Pigs were allotted in a randomized block design with four inclusion levels of NSPG (3.5, 7.0, 10.5 and 14%), mainly substituted the corn in diets. The experiment included 16 replicates and one pig per pen. Additionally, there was a control diet (0% NSPG). At the end of the finishing phase, all pigs were slaughtered to evaluate quantitative carcass traits and meat quality. The regression analysis showed no effect (p > 0.05) of NSPG on growth performance, backfat thickness and loin depth in the growing and finishing phases. As to plasma variables, cholesterol and triglycerides increased linearly only in the finishing phase. A linear increase was obtained in quantitative carcass traits (p < 0.05), such as hot carcass weight, hot carcass yield, cold carcass weight and cold carcass yield. As to meat quality traits, there was a quadratic effect for water drip loss and total lipids with inclusion levels of NSPG. As a whole, NSPG can be used up to 14% in the feed of growing and finishing pigs (30–90 kg) without impairing performance, plasma variables and quantitative carcass traits and meat quality. However, its use may increase the cost of the diet depending on the feedstuffs prices.

Passion fruit seed meal at growing and finishing pig (30-90 kg) feeding

The passion fruit seed is a byproduct of the extraction of the passion fruit pulp and can be used for feeding to pigs. Two experiments were conducted (digestibility and performance) to evaluate the use of the passion fruit seed meal in feed for growing and finishing pigs. A digestibility trial was conducted with growing and finishing pigs, in which the passion fruit seed meal (PSM) replaced the reference diet (0% PSM) in levels of 4, 8, 12 and 16%. Thirty barrows were used with average weight of 36.85±4.19. The PSF showed DE and ME of 3.244 and 3.223 Mcal/kg, respectively. In the performance trial, were used 150 pigs, which 75 in the growing phase and 75 pigs in the finishing, with initial body weight of 30.63±1.49 and final of 60.38±4.75 kg and 60.40±1.50 and 90.02±4.84 kg, respectively. Five diets were used, with four inclusion levels of PSM (4, 8, 12 e 16%) and one control diet (0% of PSM). The PSM levels did not influence (P>0.05) the performance variables. In the growing pigs, serum levels of cholesterol increased linearly with (P 0.05) by increasing levels of PSM in the diets. We conclude that the PSM can be used up to 16% in growing and finishing pigs diets.

Relações treonina:lisina digestíveis para suínos na fase inicial, alimentados com rações de baixa proteína, calculadas de acordo com o conceito de energia líquida

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de estudar, no primeiro, o efeito de diferentes relacoes treonina:lisina digestiveis (TL) sobre a utilizacao do nitrogenio (N) em suinos na fase inicial, dos 15 aos 30kg de peso, e, no segundo, o efeito dessas relacoes sobre o desempenho dos animais. No primeiro experimento, foi avaliado o balanco de nitrogenio, utilizando-se 20 suinos machos castrados, hibridos comerciais de media a alta deposicao de tecido magro, com peso inicial de 23,0±4,1kg. Os suinos foram distribuidos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso. As racoes continham baixo nivel de proteina (17,3%), e as relacoes TL foram: 0,574; 0,624; 0,673; 0,722 e 0,772. A proteina bruta total excretada (PBTE), a proteina bruta retida (PBR) e a utilizacao liquida da proteina (ULP) apresentaram efeito quadratico, e os melhores valores nas relacoes foram 0,648; 0,648 e 0,649, respectivamente. A melhor relacao TL foi 0,649 (media da PBR e ULP). No segundo experimento, foi avaliado o efeito dessa relacao sobre o desempenho dos suinos na fase inicial. Foram utilizados 60 animais (30 machos castrados e 30 femeas) com peso inicial de 15,5±1,5kg, de caracteristicas semelhantes ao primeiro experimento, distribuidos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2 (cinco relacoes TL e dois sexos, com dois animais por baia). Foram utilizadas seis baias por tratamento, com tres de machos e tres de femeas cada. Nao houve efeito da relacao TL sobre o consumo diario de racao e o ganho diario de peso, e houve efeito quadratico, com ponto de minimo, sobre a conversao alimentar com a relacao TL de 0,691. Os resultados indicam que a relacao TL de 0,649 maximiza a retencao de nitrogenio e a relacao TL de 0,691 permite melhor conversao alimentar para leitoes dos 15 aos 30kg de peso.

Partial replacement of soybean meal with different protein sources in piglet feed during the nursery phase

Objective Evaluate the partial replacement of soybean meal with different protein sources in piglet feed during the nursery phase in terms of digestibility of feed, nitrogen balance, growth performance and blood parameters. Methods Experiment I involved 24 crossbred entire male pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 18.28±0.7 kg and used a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 treatments (fish meal, FM; soybean protein concentrate, SPC; and soybean meal, SBM) and 8 replicates, with 1 pig per experimental unit. Experiment II involved 1,843 crossbred male and female pigs with an initial BW of 6.79±0.90 kg and was based on a completely randomized design with a 2×3 factorial arrangement (2 sexes and 3 protein sources) and 13 replicates. Results The results of Exp. I indicate effects (p<0.05) of dietary protein sources on digestible protein (FM, 17.84%; SPC, 16.72%, and SBM, 18.13%) and on total nitrogen excretion (TNE, g/kg BW0.75/d) in which pigs fed with SBM-based feed had TNE values that were 5.36% and 3.72% greater than SPC and FM, respectively. In the Exp. II, there was difference (p<0.01) between sexes in the pre-starter I and starter phases, and total period in average daily feed intake (ADFI), which were greater in females, and between the protein sources, ADFI, final weight and daily weight gain. For urea in the pre-starter II and starter phases and glucose in the pre-starter II phase, there was a difference (p<0.05) between protein sources and between sexes, in starter phase in urea concentrations (females: 57.11 mg/dL and males: 50.60 mg/dL). Conclusion The use of SBM as only protein source influences larger TNE (g/kg BW0.75/d), reduces the growth performance of piglets and increases plasma urea concentrations in pre-starter II phase.