Dolores Brandis García

Los paisajes y los ambientes de un territorio singular. La Alhambra de Granada.

En el territorio de la Alhambra la componente natural y los rasgos historicos y culturales se complementan dando lugar a un espacio de gran personalidad, en donde destaca la variedad de paisajes y la riqueza de sus ambientes

Propiedad inmueble, morfología urbana y precios del suelo en Guadalajara (siglo XIX)

El reinado de Carlos III se destaco sus famosas, ambiciosas reformas coloniales que tocaron una amplia variedad de aspectos de la Administracion espanola en America. Aunque mucho se sabe en cuanto a las circunstancias diplomaticas, militares, y economicas que ocasionaron esta reorganizacion colonial, menos se conoce de las personalidades que inspiraron este programa. ?Que papel tuvo la persona del monarca? ?Vino la nueva direccion Politica del Ministerio de Indias y del Consejo, o vino la fuerza reformadoras de otros ramos de la administracion real? Esta ponencia pretende resolver este dilema por un examen de los origenes de las reformas en Cuba, que fueron los primeros experimentos de la reorganicacion colonial, asi como los pasos primeros pasos hacia la desregulacion comercial, culminando con el Reglamento de Comercio Libre de 1778, que sin duda fue la mas controversial. Por estas vias es posible averiguar mucho en cuanto al estilo politico de la famosa monarquia de la Espana ilustrada.The majority of mid-20th century geographical studies of Brazil by North Americans were regional-descriptive, but research conducted in recent decades has been more topic-oriented. Most of the studies have dealt with environmental and settlement issues associated with increasing population densities in the Amazon region. Agricultural and land-use practices in the northeast and southern interior frontier have also attracted attention. Surprisingly few studies reported in the North American geographical literature have dealt with economic issues or the application of contemporary analysis tools such as GIS. The populous southeast also appears neglected. Reasons for the evident trends may be the following: geographers are publishing in journals from other fields, Brazilian scholars are providing adequate coverage of the topics, and research is guided by the personal preferences and interests of the North American scholars.The article covers the major problem of political representation during the revolution of independence, considering it from the point of view of its agents, the deputies. After a description of their main characteristics, it aims the duality of their role during the period. Qn one hand, they act like spokesmen of their communities, with which they keep a very strong link while, on the other hand, they undertake to build, as constituents, a new politic& order. The study of their action in the revolutionary assemblies shows their efforts to reconcile the two tendencies of sovereignty: the plural sovereignty of the pueblos, considered as political main actors, and the most utopic sovereignty of the modern people, characterized by its abstraction and unicity.The article covers the case study of several French residents in the chief City of the Michoacan state, in the central-western part of the country. In particular this concerns their mercantile procedures and the family connections found in the businesses that they got under way, which turned them into part of the dominant sector of the large clothes store trade, as well as their incursions into the textile industry, banking system, etc. The revolutionary process of 1910 and its repercussions on Michoacan did aot seriously disturb their development, and they were on the other hand helped through supplying the succeeding governments with goods, and consequently their property and persons were not very seriously affected, as occurred with other groups of foreigners in the country.This study deals with a number of issues concerning the sculptural portrait in Latin America from the 191h century until me early 2001 century. We look into the aesthetic, artistic and typological factors, as well as the social, political and economic conditions, that favoured its appearance and shaped its development. The psychological connotations of the portraits, together with the ways in which commissioners, artists and critics played a part in the creation of a debate on the subject, are also analyzed. One aspect that stands out in most of the text is the gradual transition from the application of classical norms to the new ideas of realism. All the topics are analyzed from a continental standpoint by using a comparative methodology which enables us to link and connect the production from different countries.During the 19th century a series of revolutions framed within the bourgeois revolutionary cycle took place. These revolutions occurred not only in Europe (England, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, etc.), but also, of course, on the American continent. This article tries to demonstrate that in Mexico as well, there was a bourgeois revolution, and that since this was not an isolated event, it makes up part of the rest of the revolutions. In this case, the comparison is of the circumstances in Veracruz and Valencia.There are very few general studies about the origin, development and iconography of baroque cloister job the peninsula and Iberoamerica. The present job considers these questions from the medieval precedents and goes through the study of different conventual cloisters in Mexico, Portugal, Brasil and Ecuador emphasizing the didactical, mystic and contemplative role of this particular architectonic place.The political participation of the citizens had one of its greatests examples in the city councils. The municipal field became relevant, which was determined by the rules and the costumes. The period from 1813 to 1824 is crucial for understanding both the political dimension ?luring the last years of the colonial period, and the new means which federalism introduced. :In this context, the city of Mexico is an atypical example.This contribution deals with the youth and early works of Francisco Garcia Calderon, the great Peruvian disciple of Rodo, and who is considered tobe the leader of the Generation of the 1900s. With this, his thought lies within the wide concept of the classical tradition tracing the links between Garcia Calderon and the first manifestations of Latin American identity, which can be dated around the midl9th century. When this author talks about Latin identity, he is referring basically to his concept of “race”—culture and spirit—that was common to all American peoples previously dominated by Spain, Portugal, and France. The young aerialist intellectual built an imaginary brrier between the Anglo-Saxon civilization and the Roman heritage, like a kind of insurmountable wall between the two parts of America. Later however, Garcia Calderon will change his ideological position by embracing President Wilson’s proposals. He will go on to stubbornly defend pan-Americanist tendencies in support of the complete integration of the Western Hemisphere.This essay examines the manner in which New Spaniards formed the Mexican nation and nationalism. At the end of the eighteenth century, some intellectuals developed a sense of identity, a patriotism, which identified with the area, strengthening regionalism, and with the ancient Mexicans. But it was the political revolution of the Spanish world, as a result of the 1808 crisis of the Spanish Monarchy, which led to the politicization of the masses and introduced representative and popular forms of government which in 1821 contributed to the independence of New Spain and the creation of the Mexican nation. Although they maintained their Hispanic political traditions, the elites “invented’ a history of the process of independence which permitted them to incorporate the entire former viceroyalty into the new nation, Mexico, which they had created.Qn the first of January 1994, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation declared war on the government of Carlos Salinas de Gortari. Now, twelve years later, the autonomous communities of the Chiapas region continue to fight for their ideologies and defend their philosophies on life. Subcomandante Marcos has been the negotiator and media communicator throughout these years. For some analysts, the conflict came to a halt once it had crashed against a wall that it was unable to surpass. For others, it has only just begun; they believe that the fight is not restricted to the Chiapas region, yet represents a new organizational model for the world. For the first group of analysts, Marcos represents an anachronistic continuation of a guerilla fighter from halfway through the 20th century: the fight of a revolutionary who desires the continuation of the past. For the other group of analysts, he personifies a revolutionary of the 21st century: someone who struggles for the future. This article demonstrates how the political discourse of Subcomandante Marcos has evolved. The aim is not to explain what precisely happened, who participated, what were the foundations of the movement or what has been achieved year to date, yet to analyze how the philosophies of zapatismo have changed over time. In order to perform this study, two main sources have been selected: the principal claims of the EZLN (from which one can indisputably discover the figure of Marcos) and also the main discourses of the Subcomandante.The objective of this text is to trace the emergence of tobacco in Hispanic Baroque culture by examining the discourses that sought to legally control its appearance, use, and diffusion within the larger context of the commercial exploitation of the American continent. In order no achieve this goal, it will first be necessary to situate this polemic within the larger sphere of practices surrounding the symbolic acclimatization of indigenous realities. Secondly, the distinct textual moments covered by said polemic will be analyzed. An initial period characterized by favorable naturalistic descriptions of the plant was soon replaced by a negative conception from a theological and moral standpoint. Finally, tobacco was integrated into practices of social control that focused on its hygienic uses. As a central component of this polemic, we will study in depth a text by Doctor Cristobal Hayo, professor of medical surgery at the University of Salamanca during the mid 17th century. This text represents not only the most fervent but also the last defense of theplant during said period.The author analyses the ideological and esthetic content of the opening speech to the Acaderny of Santiago, given by the Italian painter Alejandro Cicarelli on 17 March 1849. The speech reveals the profound influence that the German Johan Joachim Winkelmann had on the painter’s artistic ideas, whose writings influenced both the organisation and guidelines of the Academy. Thus, the speech highlights the importance of ideal beauty on l9th Century esthetics, the importance given to environmental conditioning in the development of culture, the enormous influence of the classic Greco-Roman referent, and the importance of other guiding principles of academic artistic life such as rationality, science, freedom, the importance of drawing and Christian values.El cultivo y la comercializacion del platano en Cuba apenas ha merecido el interes de la investigacion, a pesar de la importancia que el estudio del sector tiene en general dentro de la historiografia sobre America Latina y de que la isla fue pionera en la comercializacion internacional de la fruta. Este articulo estudia las fases iniciales de la exportacion del banano cubano (las siete primeras decadas del siglo XIX), que se concentraron geograficamente en la mitad oriental del territorio, especialmente en torno a la localidad de Baracoa, en cuyo puerto se realizaban la mayor parte de las transacciones con dicho producto.The presence of a great number of paintings from the New Spain viceroyalty in several Spanish religious institutions brings up some interesting questions. One of the less known information concerns the origin and arrival processes of these paintings. Research reveals that they were donated by Spaniards who had made gold in America and clergymen having mainly devotional reasons. The most abundant iconography is the Virgin of Guadalupe of Mexico. The documented cases allow us to know information about the character and the donation purposes of donor. The conserved registres, the parrochial archives and the inscriptions existing in some of these pictures, contribute to reconstruct a process with a great symbolic value which connected Spain and America during the viceroyal age.Humanly-modified landscapes are not conserved equally through time nor are they equally “visible” even if they are detectable. This is especially true for landscapes modified for cultivation. Differing types of agricultural modifications also leave more or less apparent signatures. This has led to a highly variable record of different types of agricultural landscapes. This paper examines the record of cultivated landscapes in Mesoamerica present in early colonial accounts, relic landscapes, and archaeological excavations. Using maps created from these records delimiting the spatial extent and location of documented cultivated landscapes, this paper explores the variable confidence that can be made in te assignment of locations and extent according to cultivation type. The paper argues that less “obvious” modifications such as manipulations of “natural” forest, types of agroforestry such as orchards, swidden and temporal agriculture, and some types of more intensive agricultural modifications present the lowest confidence with respect to location and extent. This deficit may have led scholars to a systematic undervaluing of the importance of these agricultural systems in the lives of pre-Columbian and contact-era Amerindians.El texto analiza a los empresarios hispano-cubanos que colocan capital en rubros industriales no azucareros ni tabacaleros. Frente al enfoque estructural que ha predominado en la historiografia cubana, se pone el enfasis en los procesos de movilidad social y territorial de tales hombres de negocios, en sus formas juridicas de organizacion empresarial y en estrategias como las de limitacion y depresion de riesgos, realizacion de economias externas y de escala, integracion vertical y horizontal, introduccion y difusion de tecnologias, ilustrandolos mediante el estudio de casos. La autora hace hincapie en la polivalencia de individuos que operaron, indistinta o simultaneamente, en los sectores primario, secundario y terciario, y que compitieron con las importaciones durante un periodo historico donde especializacion exportadora y cierta diversificacion complementaria, bajo la impronta del capitalismo, se dieron la manoThe elementary and middle education that the Mexican government offered to the woman during Porfirio Diaz regime, was inserted inside a political ideological context whose roots went back at the beginning of the XIX century, to the moments of the consolidation of the independent State and the national construction. The educational politics around the first teaching levels emanated therefore of the liberal ideas of equality and moral regeneration, and of the social construction of the “duty to belong” to the woman. The results of the governmental measures on the matter reflected the interest of the elites in the power to prepare the woman for the execution of the paper that should assume in the private space.