Domingos Sávio Queiroz

Cromo e indicadores internos na determinação do consumo de novilhos mestiços, suplementados, a pasto

This experiment aimed to evaluate the dry matter intake (DMI) under grazing, obtained through the chromium, in continuous infusion of chromic oxide, dosed once (CR1x) or twice (CR2x) daily, and in mordant form (CRMord), together with the following internal digestibility markers: in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), indigestible DM (iDM) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and acid detergent fiber (iADF). Five F1 Limousin x Nelore steers, fistulated in the esophagus and rumen and supplemented in pasture of Brachiaria decumbens, were used. A randomized blocks design, in split plit plot outline was used, in which the supplements were considered as main plot, the methodologies of chromium as split plots and internal markers as split split plots. Supplement effects were not observed on DMI. The use of CR1x methodology underestimated the fecal excretion and DMI (DMI of 2.11% of LW) compared to the methodologies CR2x and CRMord (3.11 and 2.93% LW) that presented better values for DMI, not differing to each other. Interactive effect was observed between supplement and markers, with no differences in the values supplied by the same marker in the different supplements. The IVDMD, the marker of larger precision, presented medium value for DMI of 3.16% LW, overestimating the intake of all supplements. The iDM and iNDF were constant among supplements (2.48 and 2.54% LW of DMI), not differing to each other, being recommended for studies with animals at pasture. The DMI estimated by iADF showed variable results among supplements; the intakes were, on average, by using iADF (2.72% LW) higher compared to iDM and iNDF and lower compared to IVDMD.

Suplementação de Novilhos Mestiços durante a Época das Águas: Parâmetros Ingestivos e Digestivos¹

The effects of supplementation of crossbred steers on pasture during the wet season on dry matter (DMI), forage (FI), neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) and crude protein (CPI) intakes; digestibility of DM (DMD), NDF (NDFD) and CP (CPD); rate of passage of ruminal particles (RPR) and total mean retention time (TMRT) of the digesta; pH and concentrations of amoniacal-N in the rumen, were evaluated. Five F1 Limousin x Nelore steers fistulated in the rumen and esophagus and supplemented on Brachiaria decumbens pasture were used. The experiment was carried out in three experimental periods, according to a randomized blocks design, being the periods considered blocks. The supplements were: mineral salt (SAL); supplements based on corn and soybean meal, with 20% CP, at the level of 1.0 and 2.0 kg/day (MS1 and MS2); and supplements based on wheat bran and soybean meal, with 20% CP, at the level of 1.0 and 2.0 kg/day (TS1 and TS2), daily fed at 10 a.m. The supplementation decreased DMI, FI, and NDFI, being more prominent for the supplements based on corn, although without significant effects. RPR, TMRT and ruminal pH did not differ among treatments. There was interaction supplement x time of collection on concentration of amoniacal-N, without elevating the basal levels; the treatments SAL and MS1 did not differ and did not vary with the time. The treatments MS2 and TS1 did not differ at any time, presenting quadratic profiles, similar to TS2, which demonstrated the largest concentrations of amoniacal-N in the times other than zero.

Desempenho e características de carcaça de novilhos suplementados no período das águas

The effects of concentrate supplementation of steers during the rainny season on the performance and physical and traits of the carcass were evaluated. Fourty nine crossbreds steers were used, maintained on pastures of Brachiaria decumbens. The experiment was carried out in three experimental periods, according to a complete randomized design. The following supplements were daily fed at 10 a.m.: mineral salt (SALT), corn and soybean meal based supplements, with 20% CP, at the levels of 1.0 and 2.0 kg (CSBM1 and CSBM2) and wheat bran and soybean meal based supplements, with 20% CP, at the levels of 1.0 and 2.0 kg (WMSBM1 and WMSBM2). There was no treatment effect on average daily gain (ADG) and body weight (BW). The ADG were: 0.887, 0.936, 1.047, 0.943 and 1.012 kg/animal/day, respectively, for the treatments SALT, CSBM1, CSBM2, WMSBM1 and WMSBM2. The animals submitted to the different treatments did not exhibit differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the carcass. No differences were observed for the steers carcass yield, which was, in average, of 52.19%.

Composição química e digestibilidade in vitro de lâminas foliares e colmos de gramíneas forrageiras, em função do nível de inserção no perfilho, da idade e da estação de crescimento

Chemical composition and the in vitro dry matter digestibility were evaluated in blades and stems at two stages of development and two insertion levels on tillers of signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens), molassesgrass (Melinis minutiflora) and tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon sp), in two seasons of the year (summer and autumn). Lower and upper leaf blades were sampled from the tillers, on the day of ligule exposure and 20 days thereafter, and stems segments located below of the upper leaf blade. The crude protein contents of leaf blades showed little differences among the species, but decreased with development from 18.8 to 14.6% and level of insertion from 18.9 to 14.5% from lower to upper position. Leaf blades of higher insertion level had a greater neutral detergent fiber and lignin concentrations. The IVDMD decreased as leaf aged and exhibited greater values when situated at lower insertion level and sampled in the autumn. The IVDMD of old leaf blades were higher to tifton 85 bermudagrass and lower to signalgrass. The average values of IVDMD of stems varied from 56.7 to 62.7%, according to stage of development and season of growth. The values were 56.9, 59.6 and 60.5% for the signalgrass, bermudagrass and molassesgrass, respectively.

Suplementação de Novilhos Mestiços em Pastejo na Época de Transição Água-Seca: Desempenho Produtivo, Características Físicas de Carcaça, Consumo e Parâmetros Ruminais

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of the supplementation in the transition period between wet and dry seasons (May to September) on the productive performance, dry matter intake (DMI), and ruminal pH and N-ammonia. Supplements with 30% of crude protein, supplied in the level of 3 kg/animal/day and constituted by the following energy sources: corn grain (MILHO), grounded corn ear (MDPS) and wheat bran (FT), were evaluated. In the experiment 1, 15 holstein-zebu steers, with average age of 18 months and live weight of 350 kg, were maintained in pasture of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. The animals showed average daily gain of .85, .88, and .80 kg/animal/day for the supplements MDPS, MILHO and FT, respectively, and did not differ to each other. The carcass physical characteristics were not affected by the treatments. In the experiment 2, five limousin x nelore steers were maintained in pasture of Brachiaria decumbens. The measures pointed reductions in the DMI for the treatments FT and MDPS during May. Differences in DMI among treatments were observed during May, being higher for MILHO, compared to FT and MDPS. The ruminal ammonia concentration only became below 5 mg/dL for the MILHO supplement. The ruminal pH in all the treatments stayed above 6.2.

Avaliação de pastagem diferida de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf: 1. Características químico-bromatológicas da forragem durante a seca

The chemical-bromatological characteristics of forage sampled for two methods, available herbage (AH) and extrusa (EXT), and green leaf (GL), green stem (GS), dead leaf (DL) and dead stem (DS) dry matter (DM) components were evaluated in the Signalgrass postponed pasture, during the dry season, from July to October 1997. Protein and carbohydrate fractions of the Cornell system were also evaluated. AH sampled was characterized as low quality, with low crude protein (CP) concentration ( 78% DM) and lignin (>8.7% DM) contents, and 43.7% in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Higher IVDMD and higher contents of CP, neutral detergent and acid detergent insoluble proteins, ash and phosphorus and smaller contents of fibers, total carbohydrates (TC) and magnesium were observed in the EXT, when compared to AH. Higher IVDMD and higher contents of CP, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were observed in the GL component and higher TC and NDF contents were observed in the GS, DL and DS components. High values of crude protein A fraction were observed in the GL and GS components, while low values were observed in the DL and DS components. High values of crude protein C fraction were also verified in the GS, DL and DS components. The potentially digestible CP fractions, except for B1 fraction, and NFC contents, were correlated with the CP contents in the forage components. Concerning the carbohydrates, low values of NFC (A+B1) and high values of C fraction were observed in the GS, DL and DS components.

Influência da suplementação com Concentrados nas características de carcaça de bovinos F1 Limousin - Nelore, não-castrados, durante a seca, em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens

ABSTRACT - The research was carried out in Felixlândia Experimental Farm – MG – EPAMIG, from July to October 1997, todetermine the effect of concentrate supplements on cuts percentage and percentage of bone, muscle and fatty tissues in the carcass ofthe twenty crossbred Limousin-Nelore males aging 22-23 months and average slaughter weight of 459 kg were used. These animals werepreviously submitted to supplementation treatments in Brachiaria decumbens postponed pasture during dry season for 112 days. Thetreatments were: T 1 (reference treatment), mineralized salt; T 2 (75% cracked corn), T 3 (50% cracked corn), T 4 (25% cracked corn) andT 5 (wheat bran). The treatments had 24,1% of CP, NDT varying from 67,8% (T 5 - farelo de trigo) to 85,6% (T 2 - 75% milho) and wereprovided daily 3.70 kg of DM/head (amounts equivalent to 1% live weight on natural matter basis). The carcass characteristics of weightand length, percentage of dressing in the carcass, shoulder, whole fore ribs, flank, whole rump and cushion percentage in the carcass,were verified, as well as the subcutaneous fat thickness, the loin eye area, the percentages of fatty tissue, muscles and bones and themuscle-bone ratio in the carcass. The greastest muscular development of the supplemented animals groups resulted in heavier carcass(257.0

Avaliação de pastagem diferida de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. 2. Disponibilidade de forragem e desempenho animal durante a seca

The availability of herbage, green herbage, dead herbage, green leaf, green stem, dead leaf and dead stem components was evaluated in the Signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens) pasture during the dry season, and after postponement period, from July to October 1997. The pasture characteristics were correlated with the average daily weight gain (ADG) of crossbred Limousin-Nelore males, aging 19 months and 374 kg body weight on average, from July to September 1997. The average availability of herbage was 7.568 kg dry matter (DM)/hectare (AH), green herbage (AGH) 3,834 kg DM/ha, and dead herbage (ADH) 3,734, in early July, after the postponement period of the Signalgrass pasture. The continuous utilization during the dry period of the postponed pasture, and stocking rate .75 animal units, did not affect AH and ADH, respectively, 7,902 and 4,637 kg/ha on average; nevertheless, diminished the availability of green herbage and green leaf dry matter (AGL). The availability of green herbage and of green leaf component increased in July and October, and reduced at crescent rate from August to September. In late September, the average availability of green herbage reached least value, 2,540 kg DM/ha. The availability and proportion of green leaf component in total herbage were greatest in early August, respectively, 1,517 kg DM/ha and 18.5%, and were least in late September, respectively, 480 kg DM/ha and 5.7%. The tropical pasture postponement warranted the maintenance of the animals, and leaded at a minimum average daily gain (ADG) (104 g/d), during the dry season. In September, the animals loosed body weight. ADG was linearly and negatively correlated with availability of dead dry matter, and it was linearly and positively correlated with the availability of green dry matter/dead dry matter ratio and green leaf dry matter/dead dry matter plus green stem dry matter ratio. Had no correlation between the ADG and availability of green leaf, and between the ADG and availability of green herbage. ADG did not correlated with grazing pressure or with herbage availability.

Conteúdo Corporal e Exigências Líquidas de Proteína e Energia de Novilhos Suplementados no Período das Águas

The effects of concentrate supplementation of stocked an during the rainny season on the body composition of energy and protein and net requirements of protein and energy for weight gain were evaluated. Forty-nine crossbred steers, were Brachiaria decumbens pastures, were used. The experiment was driven in three experimental periods, according to a completely randomized design. The following supplements were daily fed at 10 a.m.: mineral salt (SALT), supplements based on corn and soybean meal, with 20% CP, at the level of 1.0 and 2.0 kg (CSBM1 and CSBM2) and supplements based on wheat bran and soybean meal, with 20% CP, at the level of 1.0 and 2.0 kg (WMSBM1 and WMSBM2). The animals submitted to the different treatments showed no differences on composition of weight gain in the protein, fat and energy. The net requirements of protein and energy for an animal with 350 of body weight were, respectively, 220 g and 5.75 Mcal per kg of live weight gain.

Características anatômicas da lâmina foliar e do colmo de gramíneas forrageiras tropicais, em função do nível de inserção no perfilho, da idade e da estação de crescimento

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of leaf age and insertion level and season of growth on the tissue proportion and the cell wall thickness of leaf blade and stem segment of signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens), molassesgrass (Melinis minutiflora) and Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon sp). Leaf blades from bottom and top layers were sampled on the day of ligule exposure and 20 days later. The relative proportion of epidermis, xylem, phloem, parenchyma bundle sheath, sclerenchyma, stem parenchyma and leaf blade mesophyll were estimated. The thickness of cell wall of metaxylem vessels and sclerenchyma were evaluated. Leaf tissue proportion changed neither with age nor season of growth; thickness of leaf sclerenchyma cell wall was the only trait to change with age. Leaf from the top layer showed higher proportion of sclerenchyma, parenchyma bundle sheath and xylem as well as thicker cell wall in sclerenchyma and metaxylem; while leaves from the bottom layer had higher proportion of mesophyll and thinner sclerenchyma and metaxylem cell walls. While the parenchyma proportion of the stem decreased, the relative area of the sclerenchyma and the cell wall thickness increased as the plant aged. These traits showed greater values in summer samples.