Douglas Queiroz Santos

Biodiesel: Production, Characterization, Metallic Corrosion and Analytical Methods for Contaminants

In face of recent changes in the edaphoclimatic conditions (climate and soil) occurring worldwide, it has been necessary reflections on the need to exploit natural resources in a sustainable manner. Sustainability is a systemic concept, relating to the continuity of eco‐ nomic, social, cultural and environmental aspects of human society. It proposes to be a means of configuring the civilization and human activity so that the society, its members and its economies can fulfill its needs and express its greatest potential at present, while pre‐ serving biodiversity and natural ecosystems, planning and acting to achieve pro-efficiency in maintaining undefined these ideals [1].

Parâmetros da reação de transesterificação etílica com óleo de milho para produção de biodiesel

Foram avaliados, a partir de um delineamento estatistico de um conjunto de ensaios experimentais, os efeitos (i) do tempo; (ii) da velocidade de rotacao; (iii) da razao etanol:triglicerideos; (iv) do tipo e (v) da quantidade do catalisador e (vi) da temperatura da reacao de transesterificacao de triglicerideos do oleo de milho com etanol. A magnitude do efeito devido a cada fator, individualmente, afetou o rendimento, em biodiesel, da reacao, na seguinte ordem decrescente de efeito (desconsiderando-se o sinal algebrico): quantidade de catalisador > razao molar > tipo de catalisador > velocidade de rotacao > tempo > temperatura. Avaliaram-se, tambem, as interacoes estatisticas entre as variaveis e suas correlacoes com os fatores principais da reacao.

Fast Classification of Different Oils and Routes Used in Biodiesel Production Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy and PLS2-DA

This work aimed at employing partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS2-DA), allied to mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy as an analytical method for simultaneous classification of biodiesels from different oils (soybean and used frying oil) and routes (methylic and ethylic). The evaluation of the model was verified through values of sensitivity and specificity for each parameter, in the interest class. PLS2-DA model showed 100% correct classification in the discrimination of types of biodiesels. Therefore, the proposed methodology is fast, because it allows simultaneous classification of different types of biodiesels. Consequently, it can be used in quality control of this type of biofuel.

Qualitative and quantitative monitoring of methyl cotton biodiesel content in biodiesel/diesel blends using MIR spectroscopy and chemometrics tools.

This paper presents methodologies for monitoring the quality of methyl cotton biodiesel in biodiesel/diesel blends using mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) and chemometrics tools. The first method relates to the construction of multivariate control charts with the aim of qualitatively monitoring the samples according to the Brazilian specification for biodiesel in the biodiesel/diesel blends (7.00 ± 0.5% v/v of biodiesel). The second concerns the construction of partial least squares (PLS) to determine the content of the biodiesel in the biodiesel/diesel blend. The PLS model was validated from multivariate figures of merit according to the guidelines of ASTM E1655-05 and IUPAC. The results from both methods were satisfactory for both qualitative and quantitative monitoring. Therefore, the proposed methodologies for monitoring the quality of biodiesel in biodiesel/diesel blends are fast, practical, economical and efficient and can be used by industries and service stations.

Determinação de coeficiente de expansão térmica do biodiesel e seus impactos no sistema de medição volumétrico

The purpose of this study was to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of the biodiesel from the experimental data of density as a function of temperature. For this, we used some fundamentals of thermodynamics. The value obtained for the coefficient of thermal expansion after the linear regression for biodiesel was 8.49 × 10-4 ° C-1, with a correlation coefficient equal to 0.9978.

Application of Factorial Design and Response Surface Methods to Optimize Ethyl Biodiesel Production from Corn Oil

In this study were investigated, by applying fractional factorial and central composite, and the variables of the reaction of transesterification of corn oil using ethyl alcohol: (i) reaction time, (ii) agitation speed, (iii) molar ratio ethanol: oil, (iv) type of catalyst, (v) concentration of the catalyst and (vi) temperature. The goal is to optimize the process conditions in order to achieve maximum efficiency of the transesterification reaction and evaluate the effect of each variable and their interactions on yield. After bench scale was performed physicochemical characterization of ethyl biodiesel of corn in the best condition, and that fits the parameters analyzed in accordance with the specifications of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and European Committee for Standardization (EN).

Volumetric Property for Tankage of Biodiesel from Residual Oil

The recycling of frying oil for biodiesel production not only removes an undesirable compound of the environment, but it also allows the generation of an alternative energy source to petroleum derivatives, renewable and less pollutant. A physical property known as the coefficient of volumetric expansion is important to fuel tankage and is determined for diesel and biodiesel of residual oil obtained by the basic homogeneous catalysis. This study aims to determine this expansion coefficient from experimental data of specific mass as a function of temperature of methylic and ethylic biodiesel of residual oil and compare it with diesel. All physical-chemistry properties analyzed are in accordance with specification from Brazil. The coefficient of volumetric expansion for diesel oil, ethylic and methyl biodiesel are 8.36 × 10 -4 o C -1 , 8.37 × 10 -4 o C -1 and 8.35 × 10 -4 o C -1 , respectively, and the values were found with 95% confidence. Statistical data show an excellent correlation of the linear model with experimental values. Variation in the coefficient of expansion implies in different intensities of intermolecular interactions.

Characterization of Biodiesel by Infrared Spectroscopy with Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis

ABSTRACT This paper reports a method to simultaneously classify 7% biodiesel and 93% diesel based on vegetable oil as the source of the biodiesel. Mafurra, moringa, and cotton biodiesel blends were characterized by infrared spectroscopy with partial least square discriminant analysis. The efficiency of model was evaluated based on the sensitivity and specificity. The model showed excellent results as all samples were correctly classified based on the raw material. Hence, the sensitivity and specificity parameters showed values of 1, which means 100% correct characterization of the samples in the calibration and prediction sets. Therefore, infrared spectroscopy with partial least square discriminant analysis is suitable for the characterization of biodiesel/diesel blends.

Development and Validation of PLS Models for Quantification of Biodiesels Content from Waste Frying Oil in Diesel by HATR- MIR

Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a validacao de dois modelos PLS para quantificacao de biodiesel metilico e biodiesel etilico provenientes de oleos de fritura em misturas com diesel empregando dados de espectroscopia no infravermelho medio. A exatidao dos modelos PLS mostraram excelente desempenho com baixos valores de RMSEC, RMSECV e RMSEP. Alem disso, a exatidao foi comprovada pela avaliacao da regiao de elipse de confianca. O metodo foi validado de acordo com as diretrizes internacionais e nacionais pela estimativa de figuras de merito, tais como exatidao, precisao, linearidade, seletividade, sensibilidade analitica, limites de deteccao e quantificacao e erro sistematico. Uma excelente correlacao foi observada entre os valores reais e previstos do conjunto de previsao (R = 0,9999) e os modelos nao apresentaram erros sistematicos conforme a norma ASTM E1655. Os modelos propostos utilizam uma unica faixa espectral permitindo a determinacao de biodiesel em mistura com diesel na faixa de concentracao entre 1,00 e 30,00% (v/v), em ambos os modelos. Assim, as metodologias propostas foram validadas sem a necessidade de escolher faixas espectrais se comparado com as normas pertinentes que regulamentam a determinacao do teor de biodiesel em mistura com diesel. Palavras-chave: Biodiesel; oleo de fritura; espectroscopia no infravermelho; calibracao multivariada; PLS; validacao analitica.

The Use of Statistical Process Control (SPC) in the Evaluation of Effluent Treatment in an Agroindustrial Plant

Nowadays, due to the high level of competitiveness of the market some companies have sought to find a better administrative and operational efficiency. The technique of statistical process control (SPC) is one the statistical tools that allows a better view of abnormalities in the process and consequent improvement in the quality and productivity of the companies. Developed and widely applied in the production lines of manufactured goods, the SPC has shown a great potential for use in the optimization process of waste treatment. In this context, the present study aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties of the treated effluent from the oilseed agroindustry and analyze the variability of the wastewater treatment process using Shewhart control letters interpreted trough eight criteria of non-randomness proposed by the ISO 8258:1991. The samples collected and the analytical procedures were performed by reference methodologies for the analysis of water and waste water. The statistical analysis consisted in the codification of the variables, Dixon test application and preparation of control letters. The results showed that 10 parameters are out of statistical control of the process, which has shown a consistent variability with five of the eight criteria for detecting special causes, however 9 variables were under statistical process control. In this perspective we note the instability of the process in the effluent treatment of the oilseed agroindustry, which can be corrected with actions that minimize the occurrence of special causes and anticipates the decision to be made regarding the treatment of effluents.