Ecevit Eyduran

Sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds of ancient grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) from Igdir province of Eastern Turkey

BackgroundThe Eurasian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is the most widely cultivated and economically important horticultural crop in the world. As a one of the origin area, Anatolia played an important role in the diversification and spread of the cultivated form V. vinifera ssp. vinifera cultivars and also the wild form V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris ecotypes. Although several biodiversity studies have been conducted with local cultivars in different regions of Anatolia, no information has been reported so far on the biochemical (organic acids, sugars, phenolic acids, vitamin C) and antioxidant diversity of local historical table V. vinifera cultivars grown in Igdir province. In this work, we studied these traits in nine local table grape cultivars viz. ‘Beyaz Kismis’ (synonym name of Sultanina or Thompson seedless), ‘Askeri’, ‘El Hakki’, ‘Kirmizi Kismis’, ‘Inek Emcegi’, ‘Hacabas’, ‘Kerim Gandi’, ‘Yazen Dayi’, and ‘Miskali’ spread in the Igdir province of Eastern part of Turkey.ResultsVariability of all studied parameters is strongly influenced by cultivars (P < 0.01). Among the cultivars investigated, ‘Miskali’ showed the highest citric acid content (0.959 g/l) while ‘Kirmizi Kismis’ produced predominant contents in tartaric acid (12.71 g/l). The highest glucose (16.47 g/100 g) and fructose (15.55 g/100 g) contents were provided with ‘Beyaz Kismis’. ‘Kirmizi Kismis’ cultivar had also the highest quercetin (0.55 mg/l), o-coumaric acid (1.90 mg/l), and caffeic acid (2.73 mg/l) content. The highest ferulic acid (0.94 mg/l), and syringic acid (2.00 mg/l) contents were observed with ‘Beyaz Kismis’ cultivar. The highest antioxidant capacity was obtained as 9.09 μmol TE g-1 from ‘Inek Emcegi’ in TEAC (Trolox equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) assay. ‘Hacabas’ cultivar had the highest vitamin C content of 35.74 mg/100 g.ConclusionsPresent results illustrated that the historical table grape cultivars grown in Igdir province of Eastern part of Turkey contained diverse and valuable sugars, organic acids, phenolic acids, Vitamin C values and demonstrated important antioxidant capacity for human health benefits. Further preservation and use of this gene pool will be helpful to avoid genetic erosion and to promote continued agriculture in the region.

Determination of Factors Influencing Birth Weight Using Regression Tree (RT) Method

Abstract Eyduran, E., Karakus K, Keskin S. and Cengiz F. 2008. Determination of factors influencing birth weight using regression tree (RT) method. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 34: 109–112. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of genotype, sex, birth type and year and dam age on birth weight by applying regression tree method using 101 Karakas and 103 Norduz lambs raised at Research and Application Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey. The effect of sex on single-lambs was significant, whereas, genotype had a significant effect on twin-lambs. The heaviest mean birth weight was obtained by single-male lambs, but twin-lambs born by dam of 2, 3 and 6 years age in the Norduz breed had the lowest mean birth weight.

Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds in fruits of white ( Morus alba L.) and black ( Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes

Mulberries ( Morus spp) are historically grown in particular microclimatic regions in Eastern Anatolia, including Aras valley. In the valley, mulberries are one of the ancient crop and used for several purposes by local people. The aim of the present study was to first time evaluate organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity (TEAC assay, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity). and phenolic compounds of the historical black and white mulberry genotypes growing Aras valley in Turkey. Results showed that, species and genotypes strongly influenced the chemical content and antioxidant capacity ( p <0.05). Malic acid was the main organic acid in all genotypes and ranged from 1.130 to 3.040 g/100 g. Among sugars, fructose and glucose are predominant and were between 4.177 and 7.700 g/100g and 5.337 and 8.573 g/100g in all mulberry genotypes, respectively. The black mulberry genotypes showed remarkably higher antioxidant capacity determined by TEAC assay (10.167 to 14.400 µ mol TE/g) compared to white mulberry genotypes (6.170 to 9.273 µmol TE/g). Chlorogenic acid and rutin was the main phenolic compound.

Use of RSM and CHAID data mining algorithm for predicting mineral nutrition of hazelnut

Defining optimal mineral-salt concentrations for in vitro plant development is challenging, due to the many chemical interactions in growth media and genotype variability among plants. Statistical approaches that are easier to interpret are needed to make optimization processes practical. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) data mining algorithm were used to analyze the growth of shoots in a hazelnut tissue-culture medium optimization experiment. Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut medium (DKW) salts (NH4NO3, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, CaCl2·2H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, KH2PO4 and K2SO4) were varied from 0.5× to 3× DKW concentrations with 42 combinations in a IV-optimal design. Shoot quality, shoot length, multiplication and callus formation were evaluated and analyzed using the two methods. Both analyses indicated that NH4NO3 was a predominant nutrient factor. RSM projected that low NH4NO3 and high KH2PO4 concentrations were significant for quality, shoot length, multiplication and callus formation in some of the hazelnut genotypes. CHAID analysis indicated that NH4NO3 at ≤1.701× DKW and KH2PO4 at >2.012× DKW were the most critical factors for shoot quality. NH4NO3 at ≤0.5× DKW and Ca(NO3)2 at ≤1.725× DKW were essential for good multiplication. RSM results were genotype dependent while CHAID included genotype as a factor in the analysis, allowing development of a common medium rather than several genotype specific media. Overall, CHAID results were more specific and easier to interpret than RSM graphs. The optimal growth medium for Corylus avellana L. cultivars should include: 0.5× NH4NO3, 3× KH2PO4, 1.5× Ca(NO3)2.

Organic acids, sugars, phenolic compounds, and some horticultural characteristics of black and white mulberry accessions from Eastern Anatolia

Mulberries, Morus spp., grow in different growing regions of Turkey with a high diversity providing an opportunity to select superior accessions. The goal of the study was to determine the differences in phytochemical components and horticultural characteristics between white and black mulberry accessions in the Igdir province. Fruits of black and white mulberries collected from Igdir province were assayed for various horticultural characteristics including berry width, berry length, berry weight, and berry peduncle length. Samples were also assayed for vitamin C, organic acids (citric, tartaric, malic, succinic, and fumaric), sugars (glucose and fructose), phenolic acids (catechin, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic, ferulic, o-coumaric, p-coumaric, caffeic, syringic, vanillic, and gallic acids), and antioxidant capacity [Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay]. Differences (P < 0.05) were noted between accessions in berry length and berry weight. Malic acid was found to be the predominant organic acid regardless of species. Rutin (for black mulberry) and chlorogenic acid (for white mulberry) were the predominant phenolic acids. Black mulberry had higher glucose and fructose content than white mulberry. Analysis showed that black mulberry had higher content of tartaric acid, malic acid, TEAC, fructose, glucose, catechin, rutin, quercetin, o-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid compared with white mulberry (P < 0.01); however, white mulberry had higher content of succinic acid, vitamin C, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, and gallic acid (P < 0.01). Our results provide a reference for further studies of mulberry fruits in detection of organic acids, sugars, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds. Also, it is clear that we need standardized testing, extraction, and analysis protocols to compare genotypes grown in different countries.

Prediction of egg weight from egg quality characteristics via ridge regression and regression tree methods

This study was conducted on 2049 eggs, collected from commercial white layer hybrids, with the purpose of predicting egg weight (EW) from egg quality characteristics such as shell weight (SW), albumen weight (AW), and yolk weight (YW). In the prediction of EW, ridge regression (RR), multiple linear regression (MLR), and regression tree analysis (RTM) methods were used. Predictive performance of RR and MLR methods was evaluated using the determination coefficient (R2) and variance inflation factor (VIF). R2 (%) coefficients for RR and MLR methods were found as 93.15% and 93.4% without multicollinearity problems due to very low VIF values, varying from 1 to 2, respectively. Being a visual, non-parametric analysis technique, regression tree method (RTM) based on CHAID algorithm performed a very high predictive accuracy of 99.988% in the prediction of EW. The highest EW (71.963 g) was obtained from eggs with AW > 41 g and YW > 17 g. The usability of RTM due to a very great accuracy of 99.988 (%R2) in the prediction of EW could be advised in practice in comparison with the ridge regression and multiple linear regression analysis techniques, and might be a very valuable tool with respect to quality classification of eggs produced in the poultry science.

Estimation of fruit weight by cane traits for various raspberries (Rubus ideaus L.) cultivars

Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. The raspberries contain significant amounts of polyphenol antioxidants such as anthocyanin pigments linked to potential health protection against several human diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate fruit weight by their cane traits (the number of canes, cane height, cane diameter, and cane yield) for Aksu Red, Canby, Heritage I, Heritage II, Holland Dwarf, Nuburg, Rubin, Summit, Tulameen, and Willamette cultivars grown in Central Anatolia region during 2002 - 2006. For this aim, average fruit weight (dependent variable) for each cultivar was estimated by independent variables such as the number of cane, cane height, cane diameter, and cane yield using Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA). The results clearly show that cultivars having the best fit (giving the best R2 values and the lowest RMSE) in MRA were: Holland Dwarf (99.64%), followed by Heritage I (99.06%), Summit (98.6%) Aksu Red (92.82%), Willamette (92.68%), Heritage I (90.46%), Rubin (90.28%) and Canby (85.45%). Multiple Regression Modeling gave good results for these cultivars. However, R2 values of these cultivars were found higher (better fit) than those of Nuburg and Tulameen cultivars. It was concluded that the number of canes had significant negative effect on fruit weights of Heritage (P cultivars, but significant positive effect on only fruit weight of Rubin cultivar (P while it had significant negative effect on fruit weights of Canby (P 0.001), and Tulameen (P (P all cane traits were statistically significant (P improve fruit weight.

Modeling some mineral nutrient requirements for micropropagated wild apricot shoot cultures

A response surface methodology (RSM) experimental design was applied for improving micropropagation of a wild apricot, Prunus armeniaca Lam., from the mountains of Kazakhstan. In an initial study, woody plant medium (WPM) mineral nutrients [calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, mesos (calcium chloride, potassium phosphate and magnesium sulfate) potassium sulfate and minor nutrients] were tested in a response surface methodology (RSM) experiment. Shoot quality was the best when nitrogen and mesos (CaCl2, MgSO4, K2SO4, KH2PO4) compounds were altered. In this study an expanded mesos optimization experiment was run. Data taken included a subjective quality rating, shoot length, shoot number, leaf color and size, callus and physiological disorders. Data were analyzed by Classification and Regression Tree Analysis (CART), a data mining technique that provides specific cutoff values for data and easy to interpret data trees. The CART analysis indicated that the best quality would be with ≤2.4× WPM levels of KH2PO4 and ≤0.75× MgSO4. Shoot length was affected by K2SO4, but most shoots were of good size at any concentration. Shoot multiplication was affected by KH2PO4, but there were >5 shoots at any concentration. Leaf color was best with ≤2.41× KH2PO4 and ≤1.22× K2SO4. Based on the CART analysis, a recommendation for improved mesos compounds was developed. Each of the individual trees was analyzed and the cutoff points determined so that all the growth characteristics could be considered in the final concentrations chosen. Using the combined results from the CART analysis, the suggested medium would include WPM with CaCl2 2.7×, MgSO4 2.7×, K2SO4 0.8×, KH2PO4 0.75×.

Genetic characterization of autochthonous grapevine cultivars from Eastern Turkey by simple sequence repeats (SSRs)

ABSTRACT In this research, two well-recognized standard grape cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, together with eight historical autochthonous grapevine cultivars from Eastern Anatolia in Turkey, were genetically characterized by using 12 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers in order to evaluate their genetic diversity and relatedness. All of the used SSR primers produced successful amplifications and revealed DNA polymorphisms, which were subsequently utilized to evaluate the genetic relatedness of the grapevine cultivars. Allele richness was implied by the identification of 69 alleles in 8 autochthonous cultivars with a mean value of 5.75 alleles per locus. The average expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity were found to be 0.749 and 0.739, respectively. Taking into account the generated alleles, the highest number was recorded in VVC2C3 and VVS2 loci (nine and eight alleles per locus, respectively), whereas the lowest number was recorded in VrZAG83 (three alleles per locus). Two main clusters were produced by using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram constructed on the basis of the SSR data. Only Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot cultivars were included in the first cluster. The second cluster involved the rest of the autochthonous cultivars. The results obtained during the study illustrated clearly that SSR markers have verified to be an effective tool for fingerprinting grapevine cultivars and carrying out grapevine biodiversity studies. The obtained data are also meaningful references for grapevine domestication.

Phytochemical profiles of wild blackberries, black and white mulberries from southern Bulgaria

ABSTRACT Sugars (glucose and fructose), organic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid and fumaric acid), vitamin C, phenolic compounds (catechin, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid and gallic acid) and antioxidant capacity (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TEAC assay) were determined in fruits of wild blackberry, black and white mulberries from southern Bulgaria. Malic acid was the predominant organic acid for the black and white mulberries. Citric and malic acids were represented with the highest content in blackberries. The highest fructose concentration was observed in blackberries (16.187 g·100 g−1). Black mulberries showed the highest antioxidant activity (12.230 µmol TE g−1), followed by white mulberries (8.6133 µmol TE g−1) and blackberries (4.490 µmol TE g−1). Chlorogenic acid and rutin were the main phenolics in the analysed fruits. The results illustrated significant phytochemical profiles of the studied berries, which could contribute to the medicinal industry and provide valuable genetic resources for breeding programmes.