Ed Bueler

Analysis of Milling Stability by the Chebyshev Collocation Method: Algorithm and Optimal Stable Immersion Levels

In this paper the dynamic stability of the milling process is investigated through a single degree-of-freedom model by determining the regions where chatter (unstable) vibrations occur in the two-parameter space of spindle speed and depth of cut. Dynamic systems such as milling are modeled by delay-differential equations with time-periodic coefficients. A new approximation technique for studying the stability properties of such systems is presented. The approach is based on the properties of Chebyshev polynomials and a collocation expansion of the solution. The collocation points are the extreme points of a Chebyshev polynomial of high degree. Specific cutting force profiles and stability charts are presented for the up- and down-milling cases of one or two cutting teeth and various immersion levels with linear and nonlinear regenerative cutting forces. The unstable regions due to both secondary Hopf and flip (period-doubling) bifurcations are found, and an in-depth investigation of the optimal stable immersion levels for down-milling in the vicinity of where the average cutting force changes sign is presented. DOI: 10.1115/1.3124088

Insights into spatial sensitivities of ice mass response to environmental change from the SeaRISE ice sheet modeling project I: Antarctica

Sophie Nowicki, Robert A. Bindschadler, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Andy Aschwanden, Ed Bueler, Hyeungu Choi, Jim Fastook, Glen Granzow, Ralf Greve, Gail Gutowski, Ute Herzfeld, Charles Jackson, Jesse Johnson, Constantine Khroulev, Eric Larour, Anders Levermann, William H. Lipscomb, Maria A. Martin, Mathieu Morlighem, Byron R. Parizek, David Pollard, Stephen F. Price, Diandong Ren, Eric Rignot, Fuyuki Saito, Tatsuru Sato, Hakime Seddik, Helene Seroussi, Kunio Takahashi, Ryan Walker, and Wei Li Wang

Exact solutions to the thermomechanically coupled shallow-ice approximation: effective tools for verification

We describe exact solutions to the thermomechanically coupled shallow-ice approximation in three spatial dimensions. Although artificially constructed, these solutions are very useful for testing numerical methods. In fact, they allow us to verify a finite-difference scheme, that is, to show that the results of our numerical scheme converge to the correct continuum values as the grid is refined in three dimensions. Comparison of numerical results with exact solutions has helped us to precisely quantify and understand some of the numerical errors we are making. Our verified numerical scheme shows the basal temperature spokes which arose in the EISMINT (European Ice Sheet Modelling INiTiative) II intercomparison (Payne and others, 2000). A careful analysis describes these warm spokes as numerical errors which occur when the derivative of the strain-heating term with respect to the temperature is large. On the other hand, the appearance of basal temperature spokes in a verified numerical scheme strongly suggests that they are a feature of the EISMINT II experiment F continuum problem. In fact, they are clear evidence of an unstable equilibrium point of the continuum problem. This paper is a sequel to Bueler and others (2005), which addresses exact solutions and verification in the isothermal case.

Results From the Ice-Sheet Model Intercomparison Project-Heinrich Event INtercOmparison (ISMIP HEINO)

Results from the Heinrich Event INtercOmparison (HEINO) topic of the Ice-Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (ISMIP) are presented. ISMIP HEINO was designed to explore internal large- scale ice-sheet instabilities in different contemporary ice-sheet models. These instabilities are of interest because they are a possible cause of Heinrich events. A simplified geometry experiment reproduces the main characteristics of the Laurentide ice sheet, including the sedimented region over Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait. The model experiments include a standard run plus seven variations. Nine dynamic/thermodynamic ice-sheet models were investigated; one of these models contains a combination of the shallow-shelf (SSA) and shallow-ice approximation (SIA), while the remaining eight models are of SIA type only. Seven models, including the SIA-SSA model, exhibit oscillatory surges with a period of ∼1000 years for a broad range of parameters, while two models remain in a permanent state of streaming for most parameter settings. In a number of models, the oscillations disappear for high surface temperatures, strong snowfall and small sediment sliding parameters. In turn, low surface temperatures and low snowfall are favourable for the ice-surge cycles. We conclude that further improvement of ice-sheet models is crucial for adequate, robust simulations of cyclic large-scale instabilities.

Stability of Up- and Down-Milling Using Chebyshev Collocation Method

The dynamic stability of the milling process is investigated through a single degree-of-freedom model by determining the regions where chatter (unstable) vibrations occur in the two-parameter space of spindle speed and depth of cut. Dynamic systems like milling are modeled by delay-differential equations (DDEs) with time-periodic coefficients. A new approximation technique for studying the stability properties of such systems is presented. The approach is based on the properties of Chebyshev polynomials and a collocation representation of the solution at their extremum points, the Chebyshev collocation points. The stability properties are determined by the eigenvalues of the approximate monodromy matrix which maps function values at the collocation points from one interval to the next. We check the results for convergence by varying the number of Chebyshev collocation points and by simulation of the transient response via the DDE23 MATLAB routine. The milling model used here was derived by Insperger et al. [14]. Here, the specific cutting force profiles, stability charts, and chatter frequency diagrams are produced for up-milling and down-milling cases for one and four cutting teeth and 25 to 100 % immersion levels. The unstable regions due to both secondary Hopf and flip (period-doubling) bifurcations are found which agree with the previous results found by other techniques. An in-depth investigation in the vicinity of the critical immersion ratio for down-milling (where the average cutting force changes sign) and its implication for stability is presented.Copyright

Chebyshev Expansion of Linear and Piecewise Linear Dynamic Systems With Time Delay and Periodic Coefficients Under Control Excitations

In this paper, a new efficient method is proposed to obtain the transient response of linear or piecewise linear dynamic systems with time delay and periodic coefficients under arbitrary control excitations via Chebyshev polynomial expansion. Since the time domain can be divided into intervals with length equal to the delay period, at each such interval the fundamental solution matrix for the corresponding periodic ordinary differential equation (without delay) is constructed in terms of shifted Chebyshev polynomials by using a previous technique that reduces the problem to a set of linear algebraic equations. By employing a convolution integral formula, the solution for each interval can be directly obtained in terms of the fundamental solution matrix. In addition, by combining the properties of the periodic system and Floquet theory, the computational processes are simplified and become very efficient. An alternate version, which does not employ Floquet theory, is also presented. Several examples of time-periodic delay systems, when the excitation period is equal to or larger than the delay period and for linear and piecewise linear systems, are studied. The numerical results obtained via this method are compared with those obtained from Matlab DDE23 software (Shampine, L. F., and Thompson, S., 2001, ‘‘Solving DDEs in MATLAB,’’ Appl. Numer. Math.,37(4), pp. 441‐458.) An error bound analysis is also included. It is found that this method efficiently provides accurate results that find general application in areas such as machine tool vibrations and parametric control of robotic systems. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1570449#

Fast computation of a viscoelastic deformable Earth model for ice-sheet simulations

This report starts by describing the continuum model used by Lingle & Clark (1985) to approximate the deformation of the earth under changing ice sheet and ocean loads. That source considers a single ice stream, but we apply their underlying model to continent-scale ice sheet simulation. Their model combines Farrells (1972) elastic spherical earth with a viscous half-space overlain by an elastic plate lithosphere. The latter half-space model is derivable from calculations by Cathles (1975). For the elastic spherical earth we use Farrells tabulated Greens function, as do Lingle & Clark. For the half-space model, however, we propose and implement a significantly faster numerical strategy, a spectral collocation method (Trefethen 2000) based directly on the Fast Fourier Transform. To verify this method we compare to an integral formula for a disc load. To compare earth models we build an accumulation history from a growing similarity solution from (Bueler, et al. 2005) and and simulate the coupled (ice flow)-(earth deformation) system. In the case of simple isostasy the exact solution to this system is known. We demonstrate that the magnitudes of numerical errors made in approximating the ice-earth system are significantly smaller than pairwise differences between several earth models, namely, simple isostasy, the current standard model used in ice sheet simulation (Greve 2001, Hagdorn 2003, Zweck & Huybrechts 2005), and the Lingle & Clark model. Therefore further efforts to validate different earth models used in ice sheet simulations are, not surprisingly, worthwhile. 1. Two linear earth models and their Greens functions Lingle & Clark (1985) use as their fundamental tools the Greens functions of two different linear earth models. The Greens functions for these models are convolved with the load to compute (vertical) displacements of the earths surface. One finds an elastic displacement u E and a viscous displacement u V given a current load and a load history, respectively, as we will explain. The total displacement is then the sum u = u E + u V at any time. That is, the two linear models are superposed. The partial differential equations (PDEs) behind these Greens functions are linear. In this report we state these PDEs, which is, in the case of the second model, a nontrivial accomplishment (see section 3). We then approximately solve these PDEs in a demonstra-bly efficient manner. First, however, we describe the two models and their sources in the literature.Abstract The model used by Lingle and Clark (1985) to approximate the deformation of the Earth under a single ice stream is adapted to the purposes of continent-scale ice-sheet simulation. The model combines a layered elastic spherical Earth (Farrell, 1972) with a viscous half-space overlain by an elastic plate lithosphere (Cathles, 1975). For the half-space model we identify a new mathematical formulation, essentially a time-dependent partial differential equation, which generalizes and improves upon the standard elastic plate lithosphere with relaxing asthenosphere model widely used in ice-sheet simulation. The new formulation allows a significantly faster numerical strategy, a spectral collocation method based directly on the fast Fourier transform. We verify this method by comparing to an integral formula for a disk load. We also demonstrate that the magnitudes of numerical errors made in approximating coupled ice-flow/Earth-deformation systems are significantly smaller than pairwise differences between several Earth models. Our implementation of the Lingle and Clark (1985) model offers important features of spherical, layered, self-gravitating, viscoelastic Earth models without the computational expense.

A Community Ice Sheet Model for Sea Level Prediction: Building a Next-Generation Community Ice Sheet Model; Los Alamos, New Mexico, 18–20 August 2008

Recent observations show that ice sheets can respond to climate change on annual to decadal timescales and that the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets are losing mass at an increasing rate. The current generation of ice sheet models cannot provide credible predictions of ice sheet retreat, as underscored by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its Fourth Assessment Report (2007). The IPCC provided neither a best estimate nor an upper bound for 21st-century sea level rise because of uncertainties in the dynamic response of ice sheets. In response to this need, a workshop was held at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The workshop was sponsored by the LANL Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, with additional support from the U.S. Department of Energy and National Science Foundation. The workshops goal was to create a detailed plan (including commitments from individual researchers) for developing, testing, and implementing a Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM) to aid in predicting sea level rise. This model will be freely available to the glaciology and climate modeling communities and will be the ice sheet component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), a major contributor to IPCC assessments.

Steady, Shallow Ice Sheets as Obstacle Problems: Well-Posedness and Finite Element Approximation

We formulate steady, shallow ice sheet flow as an obstacle problem, the unknown being the ice upper surface and the obstacle being the underlying bedrock topography. This generates a free-boundary defining the ice sheet extent. The obstacle problem is written as a variational inequality subject to the positive-ice-thickness constraint. The corresponding PDE is a highly nonlinear elliptic equation which generalizes the

Existence and stability of steady-state solutions of the shallow-ice-sheet equation by an energy-minimization approach

p