Edna Dora Martins Newman Luz

Diversity of Brazilian Fungi

Ate 2010, o conhecimento sobre a diversidade de fungos do Brasil estava registrado em publicacoes esparsas de taxonomia e ecologia e em algumas poucas listas de especies. Com a publicacao do Catalogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil, e a disponibilizacao da lista online, tem sido possivel agregar o conhecimento disperso. A versao ora apresentada acrescenta 2.111 nomes de especies aos 3.608 listados em 2010. Sao citadas 5.719 especies de fungos distribuidas em 1.246 generos, 102 ordens e 13 divisoes, consistindo em consideravel aumento em relacao a 2010, quando estavam registrados 924 generos e 78 ordens. Predominam os Basidiomycota (2.741 especies, em 22 ordens) e Ascomycota (1.881 especies, em 41 ordens). A Mata Atlântica possui a maior quantidade de registros, com 3.017 especies, seguido pela Amazonia (1.050), Caatinga (999), Cerrado (638) e Pampa e Pantanal com 84 e 35 especies, respectivamente. A regiao Nordeste tem a maior riqueza (2.617 especies), seguida pelo Sudeste (2.252), Sul (1.995), Norte (1.301) e Centro Oeste (488 especies). Em relacao aos Estados da Federacao, Sao Paulo (1.846 especies), Pernambuco (1.611) e Rio Grande do Sul (1.377) sao os mais diversos.

Phytophthora nicotianae: agente etiológico da gomose da acácia-negra no Brasil

Gummosis caused by Phytophthora sp. is the most important disease of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Isolates of Phytophthora sp. associated with diseased plants were obtained from Rio Grande do Sul and their pathogenicity was confirmed. In order to elucidate the correct identity of the fungus at the species level physiomorphological characteristics were determined and molecular studies were conducted based on sequences of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. The fungus was identified as Phytophthora. nicotianae. This is the first report of P. nicotianae on black wattle in Brazil.

Diversidade genética de isolados de Phytophthora capsici de diferentes hospedeiros com base em marcadores RAPD, patogenicidade e morfologia

Phytophthora capsici is an omnivorous species and some of its hosts are cultivated in the state of Bahia. Morphological variations have been observed among isolates of P. capsici from rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis), cacao (Theobromae cacao) and black pepper (Piper nigrum). RAPD markers and pathogenicity were used to study the genetic diversity within 22 isolates of the species. Eight isolates came from cacao, eight from rubber trees, three from green pepper (Capsicum annuum) (two collected earlier and one collected recently), and one each from black pepper, pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Isolates from green pepper; pumpkin and tomato came from the State of Minas Gerais; the black pepper isolate was from the State of Para; and the others from the States of Bahia and Espirito Santo. The genomic DNA of each isolate was extracted and amplified using eight decamer primers that generated 123 RAPD markers. Based on genetic distances and cluster analysis three groups were differentiated: one formed by cacao isolates, another by seven out of the eight rubber isolates and the third formed by the two earlier isolates of green pepper. Isolates of tomato, black pepper (recent), pumpkin, and one of rubber were genetically far from each other. Inoculations on fully developed but unripe fruits of cacao, rubber, tomato and green pepper, wounded or not, showed a rubber tree isolate that did not group with the others, infecting only wounded rubber pods. Only tomato and black pepper isolates infected green pepper fruits while all isolates tested infected cacao pods. The maintenance of all groups within P. capsici is discussed.

A gomose da acácia-negra no Brasil

A acacia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) e cultivada no Brasil, especialmente no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, visando tanto a producao de tanino, a partir da casca, quanto o uso da madeira para papel, celulose, carvao, lenha e chapas de aglomerados. A gomose causada por Phytophthora nicotianae e P. boehmeriae, e o seu principal problema fitossanitario. Discute-se nesta revisao a existencia de dois padroes distintos de sintomatologia da gomose de Phytophthora que tem sido observados nas plantacoes brasileiras: gomose basal, associada a P. nicotianae, e gomose generalizada, mais associada a P. boehmeriae. Sao discutidos aspectos relacionados a etiologia, a epidemiologia e as estrategias de controle.

Caracterização e diversidade genética de isolados de Phytophthora spp. do cacaueiro com base em marcadores RAPD

DNA of each isolate was extracted and amplified using seven decamer primers which generated 191 RAPD markers. The genetic distances and cluster analysis based on these molecular markers made it possible to differentiate the isolates of each species and showed different levels of intraspecifc variation. These results confirm the potential of RAPD markers as an auxiliary tool for the classification of Phytophthora spp. isolates and also to study intraspecific genetic variability.

Pathogenicity of Phytophthora species to Anthurium andraeanum in Brazil

Phytophthora citrophthora was identified by morphological and molecular methods as the pathogen causing leaf and bract blight on Anthurium andraeanum in Bahia State, Brazil. Tests of the pathogenicity of P. citrophthora from anthurium and P. citrophthora, P. tropicalis and P. palmivora obtained from cocoa showed that all species were pathogenic on both hosts. These observations demonstrate the potential of Phytophthora species from cocoa to infect anthurium.

Suscetibilidade do cupuaçuzeiro e outras espécies vegetais a isolados de Crinipellis perniciosa obtidos de quatro hospedeiros diferentes no sul da Bahia

Cross inoculations were performed to evaluate the reaction of cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum), cacao (Theobroma cacao), patashte (Theobroma bicolor) and jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum) to the inocula of Crinipellis perniciosa obtained from each of these host species. Basidiospores were obtained from basidiomata produced on dried brooms and/or diseased dried pods from each host collected in the south of Bahia. Inoculations were made by depositing a 20ml droplet of a 5 x 105 suspension of basidiospores of C. perniciosa on the terminal bud and on the hypocotile region (cupuassu) of each seedling. After inoculation the plants were kept in a moist chamber for 24 h under a temperature of 25 + 1 oC and at approximately 100% humidity. Symptoms were evaluated until 60 days after inoculation. The experimental design was completely randomized with 20 treatments and four replications of ten plants each. Cacao and patashte were susceptible to inocula obtained from all species used. Jurubeba was susceptible only to inoculum produced in its own species or in cacao. Cupuassu seedlings presented symptoms when inoculated with basidiospores produced from cupuassu, patashte and cacao. Inoculum obtained from cacao brooms was the most infective to all hosts.

Major phytopathogens and strains from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) are differentiated by MALDI-MS lipid and/or peptide/protein profiles

AbstractPhytopathogens are the main disease agents that promote attack of cocoa plantations in all tropical countries. The similarity of the symptoms caused by different phytopathogens makes the reliable identification of the diverse species a challenge. Correct identification is important in the monitoring and management of these pests. Here we show that matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) in combination with multivariate data analysis is able to rapidly and reliably differentiate cocoa phytopathogens, namely Moniliophthora perniciosa, Phytophthora palmivora, P. capsici, P. citrophthora, P. heveae, Ceratocystis cacaofunesta, C. paradoxa, and C. fimbriata. MALDI-MS reveals unique peptide/protein and lipid profiles which differentiate these phytopathogens at the level of genus, species, and single strain coming from different hosts or cocoa tissues collected in several plantations/places. This fast methodology based on molecular biomarkers is also shown to be sufficiently reproducible and selective and therefore seems to offer a suitable tool to guide the correct application of sanitary defense approaches for infected cocoa plantations. International trading of cocoa plants and products could also be efficiently monitored by MALDI-MS. It could, for instance, prevent the entry of new phytopathogens into a country, e.g., as in the case of Moniliophthora roreri fungus that is present in all cocoa plantations of countries bordering Brazil, but that has not yet attacked Brazilian plantations. Graphical AbstractSecure identification of phytopathogens attacking cocoa plantations has been demonstrated via typical chemical profiles provided by mass spectrometric screening

Etiologia do declínio de mangostanzeiros no sul da Bahia

O declinio do mangostanzeiro (Garcinia mangostana L.) no litoral sul do Estado da Bahia e hoje o principal problema da cultura, sendo caracterizado por sintomas de murcha, amarelecimento, seca e queda de folhas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo acompanhar a evolucao da sintomatologia da doenca, isolar e identificar os potenciais patogenos causadores do declinio do mangostanzeiro. A doenca comeca com a necrose das radiculas, a qual atinge as raizes secundarias, primarias e progride ate a base do tronco que desenvolve lesoes necroticas extensas. Os sintomas secundarios sao clorose, murcha e queda das folhas. Das amostras de tecidos lesionados de plantas doentes levadas ao laboratorio, foram isolados e identificados os seguintes fungos: Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Lasiodiplodia parva, Mycoleptodiscus sp., Rhizopus sp., Stilbella sp., Trichoderma spp. e Aspergillus sp. Apenas L. theobromae e L. parva foram patogenicas a fragmentos de raizes e caules de mangostanzeiros in vitro e a mudas de mangostanzeiros em casa de vegetacao, sendo o isolado da primeira especie o mais virulento. A taxonomia do genero Lasiodiplodia e algumas condicoes que influenciam no desenvolvimento da doenca no campo foram analisadas.

Patogenicidade de Penicillium sclerotigenum a Diferentes Frutas e Hortaliças em Pós-Colheita

ABSTRACTPost-harvest pathogenicity of Penicillium sclerotigenum to fruits and vegetables. The aim of this investigation was to study the pathogenicity of the fungus Penicillium sclerotigenum, the causal agent of the green-rot of yams (Dioscorea spp.) on different fruits and vegetables. A highly virulent isolate of the fungus was wound-inoculated on selected fruits and vegetables. A disease index ranging from 1 to 3 was adopted in order to rank disease susceptible. The results pointed out apple, pear and banana as highly susceptible; potato, beet, eggplant and taro as relatively susceptible and charlotte, carrot, papaya, zuchinni, sweet-potato and cassava as resistant to infection. These results indicated the need of special care when packaging and storage areas are utilized for both yams and other products susceptible to infection by P. sclerotigenum, particularly bananas, apples and pears. So far, P. sclerotigenum has been reported only on yams and these new finding also indicate that, besides yams losses, storage losses of apple, pear and banana may also occur. Penicillium sclerotigenum ability to infect these other products may represent an additional source of patulin in under storage conditions. This mycotoxin has well demonstrated mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects on animal and apple and pear are known to be good substrates for patulin production.