Eduardo Girotto

Dejeto líquido de suínos: II - perdas de nitrogênio e fósforo por percolação no solo sob plantio direto

Swine production has great social and economical relevance in Southern Brazil. However, the use of wastes resulted from the production process, as a plant nutrient source may not be sufficient solution to treat pig slurry production. Application of pig slurry to crop fields may result in nitrogen and phosphorus losses, decreasing the plant uptake efficiency and increasing the risk of water contamination. The present work objective is to evaluate the percolation of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil after slurry application. The field work was developed at the Federal University of Santa Maria, from May 2000 to May 2002, in crop rotation using of black oat (Avena strigosa), corn (Zea mays) and oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus) were grown in plots amended with 0, 20, 40, and 80 m3 ha -1 pig slurry, spread onto soil surface before each seeding operation. Increase in nitrate in soil solution increases with the amount of slurry applied, mainly right after application, which coincides with the initial crop development. In spite of that, it was not detected increase on available phosphorus in soil solution. Losses of nitrogen and phosphorus are negligible as compared with the amount applied, although the nitrate concentration in soil solution at the loss peaks was above the recommended levels for water quality.

Nitrogênio e potássio em milho irrigado: análise técnica e econômica da fertilização

Irrigation increases the probability to obtain high crop grain yield, but demands a technical and economical reasonable use of agricultural inputs, especially nitrogen fertilizers. The objective was to determine the more adequate rates of nitrogen and potassium for corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield and the better economical return of the fertilization in corn under sprinkle irrigation. The experiment was carried out in the years 2002/03 and 2003/04 in Cruz Alta-RS, Brazil, in a crop farm using central pivot irrigation system. The soil used was an Oxisol (Hapludox). The corn effective population totalized 78.000 and 71.000 plants ha-1 for the years 2002/03 and 2003/04, respectively, using the hybrid Pioneer 30F44. The treatments were composed by 0, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240kg ha-1 of N (urea) combined with 0, 40, 80 and 120kg ha-1 of K2O (potassium chloride). The experiment was set in a randomized block design with four replicates. The maximum corn grain yield under sprinkle irrigation was obtained with N rates between 283 and 289kg ha-1, but the maximum economic efficiency was between 156 and 158kg of N ha-1, without any increment in grain yield with potassium application. These results show that, in many situations, farmers are using rates of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers over than necessary.

Copper uptake, accumulation and physiological changes in adult grapevines in response to excess copper in soil

AimsThis study investigated Cu uptake and accumulation as well as physiological and biochemical changes in grapevines grown in soils containing excess Cu.MethodsThe grapevines were collected during two productive cycles from three vineyards with increasing concentrations of Cu in the soil and at various growth stages, before and after the application of Cu-based fungicides. The Cu concentrations in the grapevine organs and the macronutrients and biochemical parameters in the leaf blades were analyzed.ResultsAt close to the flowering stage of the grapevines, the concentration and content of Cu in the leaves were increased. However, the Cu concentrations in the roots, stem, shoots and bunches did not correlate with the metal concentrations in the soil. The application of Cu-based fungicides to the leaves increased the Cu concentrations in the shoots, leaves and rachis; however, the effect of the fungicides on the Cu concentration in the berries was not significant. The biochemical analyses of the leaf blades demonstrated symptoms of oxidative stress that correlated with the Cu concentrations in soil.ConclusionsThe increased availability of Cu in soil had a slight effect on the levels and accumulation of Cu in mature grapevines during the productive season and did not alter the nutritional status of the plant. However, increased Cu concentrations were observed in the leaves. The evidence of oxidative stress in the leaves correlated with the increased levels of Cu in soil.

Mobility of copper and zinc fractions in fungicide-amended vineyard sandy soils

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mobility of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the profile and distribution of sandy soil fractions from vineyards. Soil samples were collected from two vineyards of different ages (14 and 30 years) and a natural field area in the south of Brazil. The chemical characteristics, Cu levels and Zn levels, were analyzed in the soils by extraction with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) using the 3050B method of USEPA and by chemical fractionation. Cu and Zn were accumulated in the vineyard soils, especially in the uppermost soil layers and in the soil from the oldest vineyard. Approximately, 75% of the total Cu was extracted by EDTA, but only 30% of the total Zn was extracted by EDTA. Most of the Cu, especially in the oldest vineyard, was distributed in the mineral-associated fraction, which is characterized by low geochemical mobility, but another important part of the Cu was distributed in the soil organic matter. Most of the Zn in the soil was distributed in the residual and mineral-associated fractions, which are characterized by low mobility and have potential for causing toxicity to plants.

Frações de fósforo no solo após sucessivas aplicações de dejetos de suínos em plantio direto

The objective of this work was to quantify the accumulation of phosphorus fractions in the soil subjected to successive pig slurry applications in a no-tillage system. At Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, 0, 20, 40 and 80 m3 ha-1 doses of pig slurry were broadcasted for seven years on Argissolo Vermelho arenoso (Arenic Hapludult) before sowing each winter or summer crop, totalizing 0, 584, 1,168 and 2,336 kg ha-1 of P from pig slurry. Soil samples were collected in 0-2, 4-6, 8-10, 14-16 and 20-25 cm layers and submitted to P fractionation. Applications of pig slurry during seven years increased P contents to a depth of 25 cm, especially in the inorganic fractions extractable by anion exchange resin, NaHCO3 0.5 mol L-1 and NaOH 0.1 mol L-1. Pig slurry doses did not increase P content in organic fractions extracted by NaHCO3 0.5 mol L-1, but increased the content of organic fractions extracted by NaOH 0.5 e 0.1 mol L-1. Pig slurry applied to soil for large period has little effect on the P partition in inorganic and organic fractions. Successive pig slurry applications increase P contents in the soil predominantly in labile fractions, which can represent a potential risk for waterbeds contamination.

Nutrients in soil layers under no-tillage after successive pig slurry applications

Successive applications of pig slurry to soils under no-tillage can increase the nutrient levels in the uppermost soil layers and part of the nutrients may be transferred to deeper layers. The objective was to evaluate the distribution of nutrients in the profile of a soil after 19 pig slurry applications under no-tillage for 93 months. The experiment was conducted from May 2000 to January 2008 in an experimental area of the Federal University of Santa Maria, southern Brazil, on a Typic Hapludalf. The treatments consisted of pig slurry applications (0, 20, 40 and 80 m3 ha-1) and at the end of the experiment, soil samples were collected (layers 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-12, 12-14, 14-16, 16-18, 18-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-50 and 50-60 cm). The levels of mineral N, available P and K and total N, P and K were evaluated. The 19 pig slurry applications in 93 months promoted migration of total N and P down to 30 cm and available P and K to the deepest layer analyzed. At the end of the experiment, no increase was observed in mineral N content in the deeper layers, but increased levels of available P and K, showing a transfer of N, P and K to layers below the sampled. This evidences undesirable environmental and economic consequences of the use of pig slurry and reinforces the need for a more rational use, i.e., applications of lower manure doses, combined with mineral fertilizers.

Produtividade de grãos de milho, produção de matéria seca e acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio na rotação aveia preta/milho/nabo forrageiro com aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos

Os dejetos liquidos de suinos sao largamente utilizados em cultivos comerciais ou de plantas de cobertura de solo e a definicao da quantidade a ser utilizada depende da eficiencia de uso dos nutrientes pelas plantas. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiencia de uso de nutrientes aplicados via dejeto liquido de suinos a nutricao de plantas, considerando o acumulo de nutrientes nas plantas, em uma rotacao de culturas representativa de regioes suinicolas. Foram aplicados 0, 20, 40 e 80m3 ha-1 de dejeto liquido de suinos antes da semeadura de cada especie na rotacao. A maior eficiencia tecnica para a produtividade de graos de milho e para producao de materia seca de aveia preta ocorreu com doses muito altas de dejeto liquido de suinos, ou seja, em torno de 85m3 ha-1, que somado ao incremento linear no acumulo de N, P e K na maioria dos casos, evidencia que na tomada de decisao sobre doses de dejeto deve ser levado em consideracao tambem aspectos operacionais, economicos e ambientais. O nabo forrageiro foi a cultura que se destacou na ciclagem dos nutrientes aplicados via dejeto liquido de suinos. Os porcentuais de recuperacao aparente de nutrientes pelo milho, que foram na ordem K>N>P, mostram que devem ser tomadas medidas para a conservacao do solo visando maior aproveitamento do efeito residual, diminuindo o potencial de perdas.

Soil chemical properties related to acidity under successive pig slurry application

Pig slurry application as soil manure can alter the chemical properties of the soil and affect its acidity, modifying the environment for crop growth and development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical properties related to soil acidity subjected to successive applications of pig slurry. The experiment was conducted in May 2000, in an experimental area of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) under no-tillage and lasted until January 2008. Nineteen surface applications of 0, 20, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1 of pig slurry were performed, during a period of 100 months and the soil sampled in the end (layers 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-12, 12-14, 14-16, 16-18, 18-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-50 and 50-60 cm). The application of pig slurry increased soil pH values, an effect that could reach the depth of 8 cm without affecting the potential acidity values. The applications also resulted in accumulation of Ca and Mg exchangeable levels in the surface layers, increasing base saturation and reducing Al saturation. Long-term applications induced an increase in organic matter in the deeper layers. However, the effect of this residue on the potential CEC was less significant and restricted to the surface layers.

Produção e composição química da uva de videiras Cabernet Sauvignon submetidas à adubação nitrogenada

Fertilization of grapevines with N is generally accomplished to supply the demand for N. However N should be used with prudence because affect the yield and chemical composition of the grape and your must. The experiment was carried out in 2004/05, to evaluate the effect of N fertilization on the grape yield and on the chemical composition of the grape and must of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines, at Udorthent soil at Southern Brazil, Bento Goncalves city. The treatments were control, 15, 30, 45 and 60kg ha-1 N, added during the vegetative and productive period. In the maturation, the grape was collected. Grape yield by plant and by hectare, length and width of bunches were evaluated and 100 berries were weighted. Berries were collected and a part of them was used to evaluate soluble solids in the must, pH, total acidity, tartaric acid, malic acid, total phenols, anthocyanins and N ammonia. The remaining berries were triturated and used to evaluated total N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The results showed that the yield of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines in soils with medium content of organic matter is maximum with the fertilization of 15 and 30kg ha-1 N. The N fertilization increased the values of ammonia in the must and potassium percentage in the berry, but decreased the values of anthocyanins, what interferes the color of red wines and the formation of precipitate

Micronutrientes na soja: produtividade e análise econômica

The availability of commercial products containing micronutrients has increased in the latest years, but experimental results have shown great variability, turning this matter into something contradictory. The reduction in relative cost in the use o micronutrients and the expectancy of scale gain, in the latest years, have motivated producers to use micronutrients such as: cobalt, boron and molybdenum because of their influence in the symbiotic fixing of nitrogen in soybean. This work aimed at determining the technical and economic viability of the application of some micronutrients, emphasizing Mo and Co, in soybean productiveness. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural years of 2001/02 and 2002/03, at Paineira Farm, from SLC Agricola Ltda, in Coronel Bicaco, RS, in a Hapludox and it had been under no tillage for eight years. The experimental outlining was of random blacks with three repetitions, with portions of 10 x 15m. Soybean implantation was on 11/18/2001 and on 11/24/2002, with 225 and 190 thousand plants ha-1, for the two agricultural years respectively. The spacing between lines was of 0,40m and the variety was RS-10 for the two years. Treatments in 2001/02 were: (1) CoMo; (2) CoMo + Mo; (3) CoMo + Mo + Mo; (4) CoMo + Mo + P30; (5) CoMo + B; (6) B; (7) Mo; (8) Mo + Mo; and (9) Testemunha. In 2002/03 treatments were: (1) CoMo + 2x Mo; (2) CoMo + 2x Mo + B; (3) CoMo + 2x Mo + Phitosol PK; (4) CoMo + 2x Fortifol CaB; (5) CoMo + 2x Mo + LBE-PT1; (6) CoMo + 2x Mo + P30; (7) CoMo + 2x Mo + Stimulate; and (8) Testemunha. The use of micronutrients, especially Mo and Co, has shown to be a contradictory one in the physical productiveness evaluation of the grains through the comparison of averages. However, in most cases, the economic return of the micronutrient application was positive, but it showed its dependence on high productiveness and favorable prices at the moment of commercialization.