Gustavo Brunetto

Formas de fósforo no solo após sucessivas adições de dejeto líquido de suínos em pastagem natural

The swine industry generates large amounts of pig slurry (PS), which is reused as agricultural fertilizer. However, if applied at excessive rates, pig slurry becomes a severe environmental pollutant. The objective of this study was to evaluate forms of soil phosphorus accumulation after successive swine manure applications. The experiment was installed in 1995, in an area of native pasture. Rates of 0, 20 and 40 m3 ha-1 of PS were applied periodically (at 45 to 60 days intervals) during five years. In 1999, after 28 PS applications totaling 0, 560 and 1.120 m3 ha-1 of PS, soil samples were collected from the layers 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5-10, 10-15, and 15-20 cm. Soil phosphorus in the samples was fractionated using Hedleys fractionation scheme (Hedley et al., 1982). The maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity (MPAC) was determined in soil samples without PS application using the Langmuir model. Results showed that phosphorus added as PS is accumulated essentially in inorganic forms, mainly those extractable by anion exchange resin, NaHCO3 0.5 mol L-1, NaOH 0.1 mol L-1 and HCl 1.0 mol L-1.

Copper uptake, accumulation and physiological changes in adult grapevines in response to excess copper in soil

AimsThis study investigated Cu uptake and accumulation as well as physiological and biochemical changes in grapevines grown in soils containing excess Cu.MethodsThe grapevines were collected during two productive cycles from three vineyards with increasing concentrations of Cu in the soil and at various growth stages, before and after the application of Cu-based fungicides. The Cu concentrations in the grapevine organs and the macronutrients and biochemical parameters in the leaf blades were analyzed.ResultsAt close to the flowering stage of the grapevines, the concentration and content of Cu in the leaves were increased. However, the Cu concentrations in the roots, stem, shoots and bunches did not correlate with the metal concentrations in the soil. The application of Cu-based fungicides to the leaves increased the Cu concentrations in the shoots, leaves and rachis; however, the effect of the fungicides on the Cu concentration in the berries was not significant. The biochemical analyses of the leaf blades demonstrated symptoms of oxidative stress that correlated with the Cu concentrations in soil.ConclusionsThe increased availability of Cu in soil had a slight effect on the levels and accumulation of Cu in mature grapevines during the productive season and did not alter the nutritional status of the plant. However, increased Cu concentrations were observed in the leaves. The evidence of oxidative stress in the leaves correlated with the increased levels of Cu in soil.

Mobility of copper and zinc fractions in fungicide-amended vineyard sandy soils

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mobility of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the profile and distribution of sandy soil fractions from vineyards. Soil samples were collected from two vineyards of different ages (14 and 30 years) and a natural field area in the south of Brazil. The chemical characteristics, Cu levels and Zn levels, were analyzed in the soils by extraction with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) using the 3050B method of USEPA and by chemical fractionation. Cu and Zn were accumulated in the vineyard soils, especially in the uppermost soil layers and in the soil from the oldest vineyard. Approximately, 75% of the total Cu was extracted by EDTA, but only 30% of the total Zn was extracted by EDTA. Most of the Cu, especially in the oldest vineyard, was distributed in the mineral-associated fraction, which is characterized by low geochemical mobility, but another important part of the Cu was distributed in the soil organic matter. Most of the Zn in the soil was distributed in the residual and mineral-associated fractions, which are characterized by low mobility and have potential for causing toxicity to plants.

Frações de fósforo no solo após sucessivas aplicações de dejetos de suínos em plantio direto

The objective of this work was to quantify the accumulation of phosphorus fractions in the soil subjected to successive pig slurry applications in a no-tillage system. At Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, 0, 20, 40 and 80 m3 ha-1 doses of pig slurry were broadcasted for seven years on Argissolo Vermelho arenoso (Arenic Hapludult) before sowing each winter or summer crop, totalizing 0, 584, 1,168 and 2,336 kg ha-1 of P from pig slurry. Soil samples were collected in 0-2, 4-6, 8-10, 14-16 and 20-25 cm layers and submitted to P fractionation. Applications of pig slurry during seven years increased P contents to a depth of 25 cm, especially in the inorganic fractions extractable by anion exchange resin, NaHCO3 0.5 mol L-1 and NaOH 0.1 mol L-1. Pig slurry doses did not increase P content in organic fractions extracted by NaHCO3 0.5 mol L-1, but increased the content of organic fractions extracted by NaOH 0.5 e 0.1 mol L-1. Pig slurry applied to soil for large period has little effect on the P partition in inorganic and organic fractions. Successive pig slurry applications increase P contents in the soil predominantly in labile fractions, which can represent a potential risk for waterbeds contamination.

Formas e dessorção de cobre em solos cultivados com videira na Serra Gaúcha do Rio Grande do Sul

As aplicacoes sucessivas de fungicidas cupricos em videiras podem aumentar o teor de cobre total do solo e modificar a sua distribuicao e dessorcao no perfil do solo. O trabalho objetivou determinar as formas de cobre e a sua dessorcao em solos cultivados com videira e submetidos a sucessivas aplicacoes de fungicidas cupricos. Amostras de um solo Neossolo Litolico e Cambissolo Humico foram coletadas em 2006, nas camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm, em um vinhedo com 40 anos, em Bento Goncalves (RS). Amostras de um solo Neossolo Litolico foram coletadas nas mesmas profundidades, em area de mata natural proxima do vinhedo, e os resultados de analise foram usados como referencia. Os solos coletados foram conduzidos ao Laboratorio de Quimica e Fertilidade de Solo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, onde foram secos, moidos, passados em peneira de malha de 2 mm, e submetidos ao fracionamento quimico do cobre pela metodologia de Tessier et al. (1979) e a cinetica de dessorcao de cobre com EDTA 0,05 mol L-1, em pH 6,0, conforme proposto por Fangueiro et al. (2005). Os resultados mostram que a aplicacao de fungicidas cupricos em videiras aumenta o teor total e das fracoes biodisponiveis de cobre do solo, inclusive na camada de 20-40 cm. A maior parte do cobre dos solos cultivados com a videira encontra-se retido na fracao mineral, e do solo sob mata natural, na materia orgânica principalmente. A maior quantidade do Cu, independentemente dos materiais adsorventes nos solos cultivados com videira, e facilmente dessorvivel e pode ser considerada em equilibrio rapido com o cobre da solucao.

Aplicação de nitrogênio em videiras na Campanha Gaúcha: produtividade e características químicas do mosto da uva

The N fertilization in vines, in general, causes great impact in the yield and in chemistries characteristics of the grape and your must, consequently of the wine. The experiment was carried out in 2004/05, to evaluate the effect of the N fertilization in the grape yield and in chemistries characteristics of the must of Cabernet Sauvignon vines, at Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil in Southern Brazil, Santana do Livramento. The treatments were 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 85kg ha-1 N. In the maturation, the grape was collection and evaluate yield vine, yield hectare, length and width of bunches, and weight 100 berry. Berries were collected, a part mass the evaluate in the must soluble solids, pH, total acidity, tartaric acid, malic acid, total phenols, anthocyanins and N ammonia. The remaining berries were triturated and evaluate total N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The results showed that the N fertilization did not affect the grape yield and yield components. The application of N rates increased in the must the total acidity and N ammonia, and decreased anthocyanins, and in berry increased the percentage total N and K.

Nutrients in soil layers under no-tillage after successive pig slurry applications

Successive applications of pig slurry to soils under no-tillage can increase the nutrient levels in the uppermost soil layers and part of the nutrients may be transferred to deeper layers. The objective was to evaluate the distribution of nutrients in the profile of a soil after 19 pig slurry applications under no-tillage for 93 months. The experiment was conducted from May 2000 to January 2008 in an experimental area of the Federal University of Santa Maria, southern Brazil, on a Typic Hapludalf. The treatments consisted of pig slurry applications (0, 20, 40 and 80 m3 ha-1) and at the end of the experiment, soil samples were collected (layers 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-12, 12-14, 14-16, 16-18, 18-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-50 and 50-60 cm). The levels of mineral N, available P and K and total N, P and K were evaluated. The 19 pig slurry applications in 93 months promoted migration of total N and P down to 30 cm and available P and K to the deepest layer analyzed. At the end of the experiment, no increase was observed in mineral N content in the deeper layers, but increased levels of available P and K, showing a transfer of N, P and K to layers below the sampled. This evidences undesirable environmental and economic consequences of the use of pig slurry and reinforces the need for a more rational use, i.e., applications of lower manure doses, combined with mineral fertilizers.

Fósforo da biomassa microbiana e atividade de fosfatases ácidas durante a diminuição do fósforo disponível no solo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o conteudo de fosforo armazenado na biomassa microbiana e a atividade de fosfatases acidas, durante a diminuicao dos teores de fosforo disponivel no solo, causado por cultivos sucessivos com plantas. Foram utilizadas amostras de Latossolo Vermelho distroferrico tipico, com adicao previa de fosfatos soluveis (0, 180, 360, 540 e 720 kg ha-1 de P2O5), aplicados em seis anos consecutivos. Efetuaram-se 15 cultivos sucessivos com diferentes plantas, em casa de vegetacao, sem a reposicao do fosforo absorvido pelas plantas. Apos cada tres cultivos sucessivos, foram determinados: o teor de fosforo disponivel por resina trocadora de ânions, o fosforo microbiano e a atividade de fosfatases acidas. Com a diminuicao da disponibilidade de fosforo do solo, a quantidade de fosforo armazenada na biomassa microbiana do solo diminuiu, e a atividade de fosfatases acidas aumentou. Em solos com baixo teor de fosforo e de residuos de plantas, o P microbiano tem pouca importância para a nutricao das plantas.

Phosphorus accumulation and pollution potential in a hapludult fertilized with pig manure

Successive applications of pig litter to the soil surface can increase the phosphorus (P) content and alter its adsorption, promoting P transfer to surface or subsurface waters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate P accumulation and the pollution potential of a soil after application of pig litter. In March 2010, eight years after the installation of an experiment in Braco do Norte, Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil, on a Typic Hapludult, soil was sampled (layers 0-2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and 20-30 cm) after the following fertilization treatments: no pig litter fertilization, pig slurry application and pig manure application. In this period, 694 and 1,890 kg P2O5 ha-1 were applied in the treatments with pig slurry and pig manure, respectively. The P content was determined, based on Mehlich-1, anion exchange resin (AER), 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 and total P in the samples. The adsorption isotherm parameters were also determined by the Langmuir and Koski-Vahala & Hartikainem models in the layers 0-2.5 and 20-30 cm. The application of 1,890 kg P2O5 ha-1 in the form of pig manure led to P accumulation, as evidenced by Mehlich-1, down to a depth of 15 cm, by AER and 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 down to 20 cm and by total P to 30 cm. After application of 1,890 kg P2O5 ha-1 in the form of pig manure, the values of maximum P adsorption capacity were lowest in the deepest layer (20-30 cm), indicating the occupation of part of the adsorption sites of the particles. The application of swine manure to the soil over eight years increased the P quantity in the soil solution of the surface layer, indicating environmental contamination risk for surface and subsurface waters.

Depleção de formas de potássio do solo afetada por cultivos sucessivos

Potassium uptake by plants is generally higher than the initial amount of exchangeable potassium, indicating that non-exchangeable potassium forms participate in supplying plants with this nutrient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potassium depletion by successive cultivations in a sandy-textured soil, with and without potassium fertilization in the past. The greenhouse experiment was carried out at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, in southern Brazil. Samples (0-0.10 m) of a Typic Hapludalf, without and with previous potassium fertilization, in pots, received doses of 0, 90 and 270 mg kg-1 of potassium and were cultivated for five successive crop cycles in pots. At each harvest, the shoott was cut at the soil surface and a soil sample taken from the 0-10 cm layer. The shoot was oven-dried, weighed and the potassium concentration determined. The soil was oven-dried and exchangeable potassium extracted by Mehlich-1; non-exchangeable potassium by NaBPh4, and boiling 1 mol L-1 HNO3; and total potassium by HF. The capacity of the soil to provide plants with potassium depends more on the soil characteristics themselves than on the previous sequence of potassium fertilization. Potassium uptake by plants triggers a continuous depletion process of potassium in different forms in the soil; potassium depletion is more marked when the available potassium concentration is lower.