George Wellington Bastos de Melo

Bacterial stimulation of copper phytoaccumulation by bioaugmentation with rhizosphere bacteria

Copper contaminated areas pose environmental health risk to living organisms. Remediation processes are thus required for both crop production and industrial activities. This study employed bioaugmentation with copper resistant bacteria to improve phytoremediation of vineyard soils and copper mining waste contaminated with high copper concentrations. Oatmeal plant (Avena sativa L.) was used for copper phytoextraction. Three copper resistant bacterial isolates from oatmeal rhizosphere (Pseudomonas putida A1; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia A2 and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus A6) were used for the stimulation of copper phytoextraction. Two long-term copper contaminated vineyard soils (Mollisol and Inceptisol) and copper mining waste from Southern Brazil were evaluated. Oatmeal plants substantially extracted copper from vineyard soils and copper mining waste. As much as 1549 mg of Cu kg⁻¹ dry mass was extracted from plants grown in Inceptisol soil. The vineyard Mollisol copper uptake (55 mg Cu kg⁻¹ of dry mass) in the shoots was significantly improved upon inoculation of oatmeal plants with isolate A2 (128 mg of Cu kg⁻¹ of shoot dry mass). Overall oatmeal plant biomass displayed higher potential of copper phytoextraction with inoculation of rhizosphere bacteria in vineyard soil to the extent that 404 and 327 g ha⁻¹ of copper removal were respectively observed in vineyard Mollisol bioaugmented with isolate A2 (S. maltophilia) and isolate A6 (A. calcoaceticus). Results suggest potential application of bacterial stimulation of phytoaccumulation of copper for biological removal of copper from contaminated areas.

Sequential extraction and availability of copper in Cu fungicide-amended vineyard soils from Southern Brazil

The continuous use of cupric fungicides in vineyards, mainly copper sulfate (as a component of the bordeaux mixture), has increased Cu concentration in soils to levels near or even above the maximum established by the Commission of Soil Chemistry and Fertility of the States of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Besides the total content, the fractions of the element along the soil profile must be known, because the total content of Cu in the soil is not sufficient to express its environmental impact. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation of Cu contentes along the soil profile and its speciation and partitioning in 29 soil samples from vineyards in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Samples were collected in areas cropped with vineyards older than 15 years that had been frequently treated with the bordeaux mixture. These samples were from Nitosols, Acrisols, Cambisols and Leptosols and were analysed by sequential extractions and several chemical extractors. Soils had diverse chemical and physical attributes: clay content in the plowed layer (0-0.2 m) ranged from 120 to 610 g kg(-1), pH ranged from 5.3 to 7.3 and organic carbon contents varied from 2.9 to 51 g dm(-3). Among the 29 samples, 16 had the total Cu above the maximum limit allowed by the European Community regulations (140 mg kg(-1)). The average amount of Cu bonded to the oxide fraction accounted for 49.5% of the total Cu.

Formas e dessorção de cobre em solos cultivados com videira na Serra Gaúcha do Rio Grande do Sul

As aplicacoes sucessivas de fungicidas cupricos em videiras podem aumentar o teor de cobre total do solo e modificar a sua distribuicao e dessorcao no perfil do solo. O trabalho objetivou determinar as formas de cobre e a sua dessorcao em solos cultivados com videira e submetidos a sucessivas aplicacoes de fungicidas cupricos. Amostras de um solo Neossolo Litolico e Cambissolo Humico foram coletadas em 2006, nas camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm, em um vinhedo com 40 anos, em Bento Goncalves (RS). Amostras de um solo Neossolo Litolico foram coletadas nas mesmas profundidades, em area de mata natural proxima do vinhedo, e os resultados de analise foram usados como referencia. Os solos coletados foram conduzidos ao Laboratorio de Quimica e Fertilidade de Solo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, onde foram secos, moidos, passados em peneira de malha de 2 mm, e submetidos ao fracionamento quimico do cobre pela metodologia de Tessier et al. (1979) e a cinetica de dessorcao de cobre com EDTA 0,05 mol L-1, em pH 6,0, conforme proposto por Fangueiro et al. (2005). Os resultados mostram que a aplicacao de fungicidas cupricos em videiras aumenta o teor total e das fracoes biodisponiveis de cobre do solo, inclusive na camada de 20-40 cm. A maior parte do cobre dos solos cultivados com a videira encontra-se retido na fracao mineral, e do solo sob mata natural, na materia orgânica principalmente. A maior quantidade do Cu, independentemente dos materiais adsorventes nos solos cultivados com videira, e facilmente dessorvivel e pode ser considerada em equilibrio rapido com o cobre da solucao.

Aplicação de nitrogênio em videiras na Campanha Gaúcha: produtividade e características químicas do mosto da uva

The N fertilization in vines, in general, causes great impact in the yield and in chemistries characteristics of the grape and your must, consequently of the wine. The experiment was carried out in 2004/05, to evaluate the effect of the N fertilization in the grape yield and in chemistries characteristics of the must of Cabernet Sauvignon vines, at Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil in Southern Brazil, Santana do Livramento. The treatments were 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 85kg ha-1 N. In the maturation, the grape was collection and evaluate yield vine, yield hectare, length and width of bunches, and weight 100 berry. Berries were collected, a part mass the evaluate in the must soluble solids, pH, total acidity, tartaric acid, malic acid, total phenols, anthocyanins and N ammonia. The remaining berries were triturated and evaluate total N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The results showed that the N fertilization did not affect the grape yield and yield components. The application of N rates increased in the must the total acidity and N ammonia, and decreased anthocyanins, and in berry increased the percentage total N and K.

Copper accumulation in vineyard soils: Rhizosphere processes and agronomic practices to limit its toxicity.

Viticulture represents an important agricultural practice in many countries worldwide. Yet, the continuous use of fungicides has caused copper (Cu) accumulation in soils, which represent a major environmental and toxicological concern. Despite being an important micronutrient, Cu can be a potential toxicant at high concentrations since it may cause morphological, anatomical and physiological changes in plants, decreasing both food productivity and quality. Rhizosphere processes can, however, actively control the uptake and translocation of Cu in plants. In particular, root exudates affecting the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the rhizosphere, might reduce the availability of Cu in the soil and hence its absorption. In addition, this review will aim at discussing the advantages and disadvantages of agronomic practices, such as liming, the use of pesticides, the application of organic matter, biochar and coal fly ashes, the inoculation with bacteria and/or mycorrhizal fungi and the intercropping, in alleviating Cu toxicity symptoms.

Produção e composição química da uva de videiras Cabernet Sauvignon submetidas à adubação nitrogenada

Fertilization of grapevines with N is generally accomplished to supply the demand for N. However N should be used with prudence because affect the yield and chemical composition of the grape and your must. The experiment was carried out in 2004/05, to evaluate the effect of N fertilization on the grape yield and on the chemical composition of the grape and must of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines, at Udorthent soil at Southern Brazil, Bento Goncalves city. The treatments were control, 15, 30, 45 and 60kg ha-1 N, added during the vegetative and productive period. In the maturation, the grape was collected. Grape yield by plant and by hectare, length and width of bunches were evaluated and 100 berries were weighted. Berries were collected and a part of them was used to evaluate soluble solids in the must, pH, total acidity, tartaric acid, malic acid, total phenols, anthocyanins and N ammonia. The remaining berries were triturated and used to evaluated total N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The results showed that the yield of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines in soils with medium content of organic matter is maximum with the fertilization of 15 and 30kg ha-1 N. The N fertilization increased the values of ammonia in the must and potassium percentage in the berry, but decreased the values of anthocyanins, what interferes the color of red wines and the formation of precipitate

Fontes de potássio em solos distroférricos cauliníticos originados de basalto no Rio Grande do Sul

The objective of this study was to identify the K-bearing minerals as well as the granulometric fraction of the soil with potential to supply K to the plants from two basaltic Oxisols (Hapludox and Kandiudox). The mineralogical analyses of the granulometric fractions of the Hapludox soil revealed the probable occurrence of a mica mineral in the fine silt and coarse clay fractions, while feldspar minerals occurred in the sand, coarse silt, and fine silt fractions. In the Kandiudox soil, a probable mica mineral was observed in the coarse silt, fine silt, and coarse clay fractions, whereas feldspar minerals were observed in the sand and silt fractions. In both soils, the presence of a 2:1 clay mineral with hydroxy interlayer material (2:1 EHI) was also observed. This clay mineral has the basic structure of a smectite mineral. The coarse clay fraction of both soils presented the strongest evidences of the presence of K-bearing minerals, representing the most promising fraction for K supply to plants.

Lixiviação e volatilização de nitrogênio em um Argissolo cultivado com videira submetida à adubação nitrogenada

Nitrogen (N) applied in vineyards may be lost through volatilization or lixiviation. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the N losses through volatilization or lixiviation in vineyard submitted the N fertilization, at Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil in Southern Brazil. In the experiment 1, the treatments were applications of 0, 40, 80 and 120kg N ha-1, as urea form, and analyze N concentration in soil solution. The soil solution was collected by lysimeters during the cycle of the grapevines. In the experiment 2, the treatments were 0, 20, 40, and 80kg N ha-1, as urea form, 40kg ha-1 N as composed organic form and 40kg N ha-1 as urea covered with polymer to evaluate ammonia volatilization until 80 hours after N fertilization. The largest concentration of mineral nitrogen were detected in the leach solution from treatments of higher doses of mineral fertilizer, along the budding and along the flowering of grapevines and this factors may decrease the nutrient efficiency. The largest flows and losses of ammonia to the atmosphere from a soil cultivated with grapevines happened at treatments with highest doses of mineral nitrogen. The highest lose happened 44 hours after fertilizer application on soil surface. The application of urea coated with polymers and organic compounds showed the smallest ammonia losses by volatilization, which may improve nitrogen efficiency by grapevines.

Destino do nitrogênio em videiras 'chardonnay' e 'riesling renano' quando aplicado no inchamento das gemas

The grapevines N fertilization levels in Southern Brazil use to be accounted as function of N leaf and leaf petioles rates for a limit yield expectation, without any information about the inner N dynamics in the grapevines. This experiment was carried out in 2002/03, to estimate the N destiny as N broadcasted on the vineyard soil with Chardonnay and Riesling Renano grapevines, at a Udorthent soil in, Bento Goncalves, Southern Brazil. The vines received the application of 15.91g N plant-1, 40 kg N ha-1, with 4% atoms 15N, in bud break. The buds and leaves were collected in the central parts of the year branch eight different times in the Chardonnay grapes and seven times in the Riesling Renano grapes. The grapevines in the last collection of the leaves were separated in leaves, fruits, year branches, branches with two years and stem, and then were oven-dried, weighted and analyzed total N and 15N contents. The results showed that the larger percentage of N in the leaves of the Chardonnay and the Riesling Renano grapevines, since the beginning of the bud break until harvest is derived of different forms of N from those applied in the bud break. The highest quantity of N accumulated in the annual and perennial part of the grapevines is derived of the soil N, being very small the amounts of N applied in the bud break stored in the perennial parts.

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on young vines in copper-contaminated soil

Abstract High copper (Cu) levels in uprooted old vineyard soils may cause toxicity in transplanted young vines, although such toxicity may be reduced by inoculating plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF on the plant growth, chlorophyll contents, mycorrhizal colonization, and Cu and phosphorus (P) absorption in young vines cultivated in a vineyard soil contaminated by Cu. Commercial vineyard soil with high Cu levels was placed in plastic tubes and transplanted with young vines, which were inoculated with six AMF species (Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora gigantea, Acaulospora morrowiae, A. colombiana, Rhizophagus clarus, R. irregularis) and a control treatment on randomized blocks with 12 replicates. After 130 days, the mycorrhizal colonization, root and shoot dry matter (DM), height increment, P and Cu absorption, and chlorophyll contents were evaluated. The height increment, shoot DM and chlorophyll contents were not promoted by AMF, although the root DM was increased by R. clarus and R. irregularis, which had the greatest mycorrhizal colonization and P uptake. AMF increased Cu absorption but decreased its transport to shoots. Thus, AMF species, particularly R. clarus and R. irregularis, contribute to the establishment of young vines exposed to high Cu levels.