Eduardo Rodrigues Viana de Lima

Spatial distribution of tuberculosis and relationship with living conditions in an urban area of Campina Grande - 2004 to 2007

This research aimed to study the spatial distribution of tuberculosis and its relationship with living conditions in the urban area of the city of Campina Grande in the period from 2004 until 2007. It is an ecologic study which used the citys neighborhood distribution; demographic, social and economic data from year 2000 census; and the new cases of tuberculosis reported to the Disease and Reporting Information System. Georeferencing was done for the cases of tuberculosis, and disease incidence was calculated by neighborhood. Rates were softened and the Global Moran Index was calculated. Social-economic data were grouped in quartiles according to the Life Condition Index, calculating the incidence of TB in each stratum of living conditions. The results showed that the spatial distribution of tuberculosis in the city is not uniform. Grouping neighborhoods according to the Life Conditions Index revealed social differences that can justify the occurrence of higher incidence rates in the most socially and economically vulnerable regions. The best living condition stratum presented a high incidence possibly due to the underreporting of the cases of tuberculosis caused mainly by the centralization of disease control services. We hope that this study may help outline control strategies for the city of Campina Grande, from the perspective of health promotion, for a disease so socially determined, as is the case of TB.

THE RESPONSE OF SUGARCANE TO TRASH RETENTION AND NITROGEN IN THE BRAZILIAN COASTAL TABLELANDS: A SIMULATION STUDY

SUMMARY To evaluate the impact of trash management on sugarcane production and N fertiliser requirements in environmental conditions of Brazilian coastal tablelands, a simulation was conducted with APSIM-Sugar cropping systems model. The model was parameterised for, and validated against results from a long term (over 23 years) experiment comparing the system-burnt trash and green cane trash blanketing (GCTB), in Linhares-ES. Simulations were conducted over two crop cycles (14 years) with different management (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% GCTB and burnt trash), and N fertiliser rates from 0 to 240 kg ha −1 (in 40 kg ha −1 increments) on the ratoon crops, and 75% of these rates on the plant crops. Measured cane yields and soil carbon were simulated well by the model. The RMSE (root mean square error) of predictions in burnt and GCTB treatments were 14.02 Mg ha −1 and 13.45 Mg ha −1 for yield, and 0.09 and 0.13% for soil carbon. In the simulation, the cane yield responded positively to the GCTB systems. Optimum N rates were higher in the 100%, 75% and 50% GCTB than with burnt trash and 25% GCTB reflecting the greater yields under GCTB systems. The response to trash retention was dependent on N fertiliser, and it was smaller or even negative at lower N rates. With adequate N, the positive responses were predicted to occur in all crops after the imposition of GCTB system. The removal of any proportion of the trash reduced the potential sugarcane yield. The simulations showed that average environmental losses of N are likely to be greater from trash-retained systems at all N fertiliser rates.

Volatilização de Amônia Proveniente de Ureia Compactada com Enxofre e Bentonita, em Ambiente Controlado

In recent years, new technologies have been developed to reduce N losses when using urea as a source of this macronutrient. The use of fertilizers with acidic features can reduce ammonia losses from volatilization when combined with urea. The objective of this study was to assess ammonia losses from sources of N with or without coating and/or incorporation of S and bentonite. These fertilizers were applied to the surface of a Haplic Planosol contained in trays (0.1 m2 area and 10 cm deep) at an N rate of 200 kg ha-1. Losses of NH3 through volatilization were evaluated for 21 days with the aid of a semi-open collector. The addition of different sources of S and bentonite in the urea compaction process reduced ammonia loss by up to 29 % when compared with commercial granulated urea, proving to be promising alternatives for increasing the efficiency of N fertilization.

the Caatinga and desertification

High deforestation in the Caatinga Biome has been generating processes of desertification in several areas, directly altering the biota, the microclimate and the soils, being essential the development of research techniques able to incorporate information which identify the state of natural resources, pointing their relationships and some paths to be taken for an effective intervention which may generate the recovery and sustainable use of land in this environment. The MTLFC consists of a set of techniques used in Brazil for the first time to analyze areas subjected to desertification, presenting biogeographic, climatological, geomorphological and hydrological indicators. By applying the method in an area of the city of Sao Domingos do Cariri (PB), it has been identified a very low plant diversity (13 species and 489 individuals), dominance of a few species (5) and low abundance, with the largest number of individuals in tall shrub and shrub strata, caused by the excessive removal of vegetation, fires and continuous use by the goats. The Water Balance was negative so that it indicated that the vegetative activity depends on hidden precipitation. The soils have presented surface crust of an anthropic origin, making edaphic aridity even more pronounced, associated with low fertility levels, particularly potassium and organic matter.

Detecção de Mudança da Vegetação de Caatinga (Change Detection of Vegetation Caatinga)

A caatinga e um bioma de grande diversidade que cobre a maior parte da area de clima semiarido brasileiro. Varias tecnicas ja foram utilizadas com o objetivo de determinar quantitativamente e qualitativamente o estado da vegetacao a partir de imagens de satelite e indices de vegetacao foram desenvolvidos para auxiliar no mapeamento da vegetacao e otimizar os parâmetros presentes nas medidas multiespectrais utilizadas com esse fim. Este trabalho teve como objetivo mapear a vegetacao da caatinga, e selecionar um indice de vegetacao usando o IBVL para validacao dos resultados e detectar mudancas ocorridas. Concluiu-se que o melhor indice que se correlaciona com a cobertura vegetal da caatinga foi o Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, do periodo seco, e que a metodologia utilizada mostrou-se eficiente para caracterizacao, classificacao e separacao em 9 classes. A maior recuperacao ocorreu em areas de drenagem e em declividade mais acentuada. A classe detectada de nao mudanca ocorreu em areas de menor cobertura vegetal e de solos propensos a erosao. Estimou-se que 38,71% da area da bacia do rio Taperoa esteja em processo de desertificacao. Palavras-chave: Semiarido, Geoprocessamento, Degradacao. Change Detection of Vegetation Caatinga ABSTRACT The caatinga biome is a large diversity that covers most of the area of Brazilian semi-arid climate. Several techniques have been used in order to determine quantitatively and qualitatively the state of vegetation from satellite images and vegetation indices were developed to assist in vegetation mapping and optimizing the parameters present in the multispectral measurements used for this purpose. This study aimed to map the vegetation of the caatinga, and select a vegetation index using IBVL to validate the results and detect changes. It was concluded that the best index that correlates with the vegetation of the caatinga was the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, the dry period, and that the methodology used was efficient for characterization, classification and separation into nine classes. The best recovery occurred in areas of drainage and steeper slope. The class detected no change occurred in areas with less vegetation cover and soils prone to erosion. It was estimated that 20.21% of the area of the river basin Taperoa is in an advanced process of desertification. Keywords: Semiarid, Geoprocessing, Degradation.

DESCARTE DE LIXO EM ÁREA DE PRESERVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL: O CASO DA RESERVA ECOLÓGICA ESTADUAL DA MATA DO PAU FERRO, AREIA - PB

POLLINATOR FORAGING STRATEGY IN Galactia peduncularis (BENTH.) TAUB. (LEGUMINOSAE: PAPILIONOIDEA) IN THE PARQUE ESTADUAL DA SERRA DE CALDAS NOVAS BRAZIL The way the animals look for food is an important characteristic of their behavior. The optimal foraging theory is based on the existence of a balance between costs and benefits of these behavioral decisions. The present study aimed to evaluate the behavior of the pollinator in response to increased availability of floral resources. The experiment was conducted in a recently burned Cerrado area (Campo rupestre) in the State Park of Serra de Caldas Novas , located in the municipalities of Caldas Novas and Rio Quente Brazil. The species chosen to test our hypothesis was Galactia peduncularis (Benth.) Taub. (Leguminosae: Papilionoidea). 17 pairs of specimens were selected with a number of flowers, and the individuals of each pair were spaced by about 2m. In these pairs, one of them was considered the focal, and the other, the isolated. To test possible differences in pollination between isolated plants and focus, we performed two randomization tests: a test binary (TB), where all pairs were analyzed and verified the number of times where the focus on the individual floral visits were higher than the number of visits in isolated. According to the data analyzed, floral visitors preferred to use plants that could provide a greater amount of floral resources so that the number of visitors varied positively with the increment of flowers. Plants with many flowers can provide a greater amount of food in one location so that visitors do not need to flower around for long distances in search of meeting their energy needs.

MAPPING OF PEDOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF SOILS FOR CULTIVATION OF THE SUGAR CANE (Saccharum spp) IN PARAÍBA STATE USING GEOTECHNOLOGIES

Agricultural planning, as a precept of environmental policy, is an instrument of great importance in the process of managing the rural space and agricultural activity. This work aimed to identify and map the soil information of the lands of the State of Paraiba for the sugar cane cultivation, aiming to recognize the potential of the physical environment. In the methodology, the Agricultural Zoning of the State of Paraiba and the digital map of soils were used in a data base elaborated in the software SPRING 5.2.2, extracted the pedological information of the soils and elaborated the pedological potential. The results showed that with the use of geoprocessing techniques it was possible the spatialization of the areas and the definition of the favorable environments of potential of the culture contributing to the reduction of the risks of degradation of the environment; The State of Paraiba presents a greater pedological potential for the cultivation of sugarcane in 10.04% of its total area; The areas identified as Very Low Potential correspond to 54.52% of the total area distributed throughout the State; The Argisols present the smallest and the Neosols the greatest impediments to the development of the culture; It was not possible to map smaller areas due to the scale of work, with the possibility of cultivating the sugar cane cultivation in small areas not identified in this study.

Agregação e Distribuição do Carbono nos Agregados de Latossolo Vermelho sob Diferentes Níveis de Palhada da Cana-de-Açúcar em Paranavaí (PR)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da aplicacao de diferentes niveis de palhada da cana-de-acucar sobre a agregacao e distribuicao de carbono orgânico (C) em classes de agregados de um Latossolo Vermelho, sob colheita mecânica em Paranavai (PR). Para esse estudo, em novembro de 2014, apos a colheita mecanizada de cana-planta (primeira colheita apos o plantio), variedade RB-867515, foram aplicados sobre o solo as seguintes quantidades de palha: 0, 3,65, 7,55 e 14,85 Mg ha-1 que corresponderam, respectivamente, a manutencao em campo de 0, 25, 50 e 100% da palha. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com 4 repeticoes. Aproximadamente um ano apos a aplicacao dos niveis de palha sobre o solo, amostras de solo foram coletadasna camada de 0-10 cm. Nessas amostras avaliou-se o diâmetro medio ponderado (DMP) dos agregados, a distribuicao dos agregados nas classes de diâmetros 4-2, 2-1, 1-0,5, 0,5-0,25, e 0,25-0,105 e < 0,105 mm, por via seca, e o teor de C nessas classes com excecao da classe < 0,105 mm.Na distribuicao dos agregados houve predominância da classe de agregados 0,25-0,105 mm, possivelmente devido a quantidade de areia fina (290 g kg-1) presente nesse diâmetro de peneira, contudo dentro dessa classe nao verificou-se efeito significativo dos niveis de palha. As maiores deposicoes de palha sobre o solo (50 e 100 %) aumentaram a percentagem dos agregados na classe 4-2 mm (25,7 e 32,0 %, respectivamente) em relacao aos tratamentos 0 e 25% (13,5 e 22,7 %, respectivamente), apresentando comportamento quadratico significativo. Esse mesmo efeito foi observado para os valores de DMP, com maiores valores nos tratamentos com 50 e 100% (1,65 e 1,60 mm, respectivamente) em relacao aos tratamentos com 25 e 0% de palha (1,32 e 1,01 mm, respectivamente). Dentro de cada nivel de palha, os teores de C nas classes de agregados apresentaram diferencas significativas entre si, com excecao do tratamento com 100% de palha, onde de maneira geral os valores foram maiores nas classes com diâmetro de 4-2 e 2-1 mm (12,5 e 12,4 g kg-1, respectivamente) e menores na classe 0,25-0,105 mm (6,6 g kg-1). Assim, as principais conclusoes foram, que a aplicacao de 50 e 100% (7,55 e 14,85 Mg ha-1 ano-1) aumenta a agregacao do solo, e que a aplicacao de 50 % de palha sobre o solo tambem aumenta os agregados de maiores diâmetros (4-2 e 2-1 mm), os quais estao associados aos teores mais elevados de carbono orgânico do solo (14,4 e 13,2 g Kg-1, respectivamente), sendo o nivel de palha mais adequado para se manter sobre a superficie do solo visando a manutencao da estrutura do solo.

BIOGEOGRAFIA: REFLEXÕES SOBRE TEMAS E CONCEITOS

Este artigo traz uma breve analise das producoes cientificas apresentadas no XI Encontro Nacional da Anpege de 2015. Pela primeira vez organizou-se um eixo com o titulo Biogeografia e Geoecologia da Paisagem, revelando que a pesquisa sobre a dimensao espacial da biodiversidade vem ampliando sua producao e espacos de divulgacao academica em eventos da Geografia. Destacam-se tambem as bases conceituais e metodologicas das pesquisas e a apropriacao de tecnologias de geoprocessamento nas analises biogeograficas. A paisagem e os geossistemas aparecem como conceitos estruturadores de variados metodos de estudo. Neste contexto apresenta-se uma caracterizacao do campo de conhecimento da Biogeografia na Geografia e algumas articulacoes conceituais com outros campos cientificos. Em seguida analisa-se a amostra de trabalhos que demonstram esses recortes tematicos e enfoques que atestam, particularmente, o dinamismo da disciplina na contemporaneidade. Por outro lado, percebe-se uma certa diluicao dos conteudos de estudos biogeograficos em varios temas da Geografa Fisica. Outro aspecto importante e o papel das abordagens espaciais e cartografcas, assim como aquelas que sugerem um novo foco geografico da conservacao da natureza. As analises confirmam a necessidade de uma sistematizacao, ainda que preservando a riqueza e diversidade de tendencias, pois ao que parece tem-se neste momento tangencias evidentes em varios campos disciplinares que sempre dialogaram com a biogeografia. Saberes de campos cientifcos, tais como: Botânica, Zoologia, Ecologia da Paisagem, entre outros, estao presentes nos estudos que objetivam de modo geral compreender a espacializacao dos seres vivos. Alem destes campos, que podem ser considerados externos ao campo especifico da Geografia para interpretacao biogeografica, conclui-se que e imprescindivel entrelacar e explorar o grande potencial da Geografia como um dos suportes fundamentais para o estudo de questoes ambientais, associadas principalmente com a Geografia da Conservacao.

A multi-scale approach as a strategy for environmental analysis of hydrographic microbasins

This work is a landscape analysis of a microbasin in the Núcleo de Desertificação do Seridó and used a mapping strategy based on a multi-scale approach. The approach used land use and cover as the analysis parameter and two scales: the microbasin and the larger surrounding reservoir of the microbasin. The Shrubby Caatinga class was verified as being predominant throughout the microbasin. Based on the data collected, a comparative analysis was made of land use and cover surrounding the principal reservoir, which was identified as being predominantly the Open Shrubby Caatinga class. It was evident that even though intense anthropogenic use (removal of vegetation cover) has not occurred in the microbasin, the surrounding area of the principal reservoir has a high percentage of the Open Shrubby Caatinga, Herbaceous/Temporary Cultivation Caatinga and Exposed Soil classes, which are degraded areas that were cleared during previous years to create pastures and/or areas for temporary cultivation.