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Effects of a 3-month recreative exercise applied to individuals with intellectual disability on their electromyogram (EMG) variations and balance performance

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine how 3-month recreative exercises affect the balance performance of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and to evaluate the electromyogram (EMG) changes following exercises. Methods: Eleven individuals (M=14.18, S.D=1.94) with mild intellectual disability (MID) who attend the school for children with ID and to the vocational school were included in the study. In the study, the subjects were applied a recreative exercise program (60 min/3 days/12 weeks) and their balance, EMG, and aerobic and anaerobic performances were evaluated by means of the pretest-posttest model. Results: When the EMG values in our study were examined, differences were found in terms of EMG3-VL muscle variable (P=0.075/2=0.038), EMG3-RF muscle variable (P=0.080/2=0.040), and EMG5-RF muscle variable (P=0.066/2=0.033). The exercise program decreased the EMG values significantly. When the balance scores were evaluated, significant differences were found in terms of the variables of Balance 2 (after 30 s) (P=0.077/2=0.039) and Balance 3 (after 3 min) (P=0.084/2=0.042). The exercise program significantly decreased the balance values. Conclusion: Consequently, it was determined that 3-month recreative exercises applied to individuals with ID lowered the EMG and Balance values during and after the exercise. In this context, it is thought that the people working with the children with MID need to consider the parameters constituting the balance in a detailed way in their exercise practices and to include activities improving their balance skills into their programs, and that recreative exercises can also provide contribution in this term.

Evaluating the Self-confidence Levels of Teams and Individual Athletes at the Age of 14-16 According to Several Variables

Abstract This study has been conducted in order to evaluate the self-confidence levels of children at the age of 14-16, who do exercises in different branches or not, in accordance with several variables. The sample group of the study comprises the children who are doing exercises actively in the branches of swimming, football, basketball and tennis, while the control group consists of the children in the same age group. In order to determine the selfconfidence levels of the children, Self-Concept Scale has been used in the study. As a result of this study, it can be said that sports increases the self-confidence in the children at the age group of 14-16, the people who do exercise have higher levels of self-confidence than the people who do not do exercises, the athletes included in team sports have higher self-confidence than the individual athletes, and the highest self-confidence levels belong to basketball players, who are followed by athletes in football and swimming branches.

The Evaluation of the Physical Characteristics of Football Players at the Age of 9 - 15 in Accordance With Age Variables

This study has been conducted with the aim of evaluating the physical characteristics of children at the age group of 9-15, who play football at amateur level, in accordance with age. The domain of the study consists of amateur male football players(n=82) who play actively in Kayseri and have been selected with random sampling method. In order to investigate the effects of football training on physical parameters, some tests selected from Eurofit test battery such as hand grip strength, plate tapping, 30 seconds of sit-ups, flamingo, standing broad jump, sit and reach, 20 meters shuttle run, as well as 20 meters sprint and anthropometric measurements (height, weight and body mass index) were applied to the subjects. The statistical evaluation of data is based on 0.05 significance value; after the descriptive statistical and One-Way ANOVA tests have been applied, Duncan has been used as second level test in order to evaluate the differences between the groups. According to the results, some substantial differences(p 0,05) have been found with respect to parameters such as BMI(%), sit-ups (30 sec/times), flamingo balance test(errors). It has been determined after the evaluation of the results that the differences associated with the physical properties of the footballers between 9 and 15 years old affect the development of the players in accordance with their ages and that sports contribute positively to their physical properties in terms of development level and time.