Emre Ozel

Microleakage and scanning electron microscopy evaluation of all-in-one self-etch adhesives and their respective nanocomposites prepared by erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser and bur.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of all-in-one self-etch adhesives and their respective nanocomposites in class V cavities prepared by erbium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Er:YAG) laser and bur. Class V cavities were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 72 premolars by Er:YAG laser or bur and divided into six groups (nu2009=u200924). The occlusal margins were enamel and the cervical margins were cementum. The groups were as follows: group 1 Er:YAG laser preparation (E) + Xeno V (X) + CeramX (C); group 2 bur preparation (B) + X + C; group 3 E + AdheSE One (A) + Tetric EvoCeram (T); group 4 B + A + T; group 5 E + Clearfil S3 Bond (CSB) + Clearfil Majesty Esthetic (CME); group 6 B + CSB + CME. All teeth were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24xa0h, then thermocycled 500 times (5–55°C). Ten teeth from each group were chosen for the microleakage investigation and two teeth for the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation. The teeth that were prepared for the microleakage test were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24xa0h. After immersion, the teeth were sectioned and observed under a stereomicroscope for dye penetration. Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (Pu2009<u20090.05). Bur-prepared cavities presented less microleakage in all groups for enamel (Pu2009<u20090.05); however, in cervical margins, there were no differences between laser-prepared and bur-prepared cavities in the Xeno V + CeramX and AdheSE One + Tetric EvoCeram groups (Pu2009>u20090.05). SEM observations of restorative material–dentin interfaces seemed to correspond with those of the microleakage test. Microleakage at the cervical interfaces was greater than that at the occlusal interfaces. Er:YAG laser-prepared class V cavities yielded more microleakage in occlusal margins with all-in-one self-etch adhesives and the respective manufacturer’s nanocomposites.

Factors Affecting Sports-Related Orofacial Injuries and the Importance of Mouthguards

Sports dentistry is one of the most recent and upcoming fields in dentistry. It includes mainly the prevention and management of sports-related orofacial injuries and associated oral diseases or traumas. The dentist can play a critical role in informing athletes, coaches, and patients and their parents about the importance of prevention, treatment, and diagnosis for orofacial injuries in sports. The most significant aspect in preventing sports-related orofacial injuries is wearing basic protective devices such as properly fitting helmets, face masks, and/or mouthguards. A properly fitted mouthguard prevents violent contact between the upper and lower dentition. According to the American Society for Testing and Materials, there are three types of mouthguards: custom-fabricated mouthguards, mouth-formed guards, and stock mouthguards. Essential properties of the various materials used in the manufacture of mouthguards include water absorption, density, and thickness as well as temperature transmission, energy absorption, and drawing strength (tensile strength) of custom-made mouthguards. Currently, a variety of materials is being used for mouthguards, most commonly polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene copolymer or ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and polyvinyl chloride. Mouthguard use is significant for athletes, since dentists play an important role in the design and application of these in clinical practice. The purpose of this article is to review the importance of mouthguard use, the incidence and location of orofacial sports injuries, the risk factors for such injuries, and the types of mouthguards and their roles in the prevention of sports-related orofacial injuries.

Three-year clinical evaluation of a two-step self-etch adhesive with or without selective enamel etching in non-carious cervical sclerotic lesions

ObjectiveThe purpose of this prospective, controlled, randomized study was to evaluate the 3-year clinical performance of a two-step self-etch adhesive (AdheSE, Ivoclar Vivadent; Schaan, Liechtenstein) in non-carious cervical sclerotic lesions with or without selective acid-etching of the enamel margins.Material and methodsTwenty-two patients (mean age 51.5) having at least two pairs of non-carious cervical sclerotic erosion⁄attrition⁄abfraction lesions with incisal or occlusal margins in the enamel and gingival margins in the dentin were included in the study. The two-step self-etch adhesive was applied following either the self-etch approach (AdheSE non-etch, nu2009=u200952) or a similar application approach, including prior selective acid-etching of the enamel margins (AdheSE etch, nu2009=u200952). Composite resin Point 4 (Kerr Corp; Orange, CA, USA) was used as the restorative material for all 104 restorations. The restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 1, 2, and 3xa0years, according to the modified USPHS criteria. Data were analyzed using McNemar’s test (pu2009<u20090.05).ResultsThe retention rates for AdheSE non-etch were 100xa0%, 98xa0%, and 91.5xa0%; whereas, 100xa0%, 100xa0%, and 97.9xa0% retention rates were recorded for AdheSE etch after 1, 2, and 3xa0years, respectively. No significant differences were detected between the retention rates, marginal adaptation at the dentin side, secondary caries, and postoperative sensitivity (pu2009>u20090.05). A significantly higher number of restorations in AdheSE non-etch group showed clinically acceptable slight marginal discoloration (pu2009=u20090.0001) and clinically acceptable small marginal defects at the enamel side (pu2009=u20090.008) than in the AdheSE etch group.ConclusionsAfter 3xa0years, the two-step self-etch adhesive exhibited acceptable clinical performance with or without selective enamel etching in non-carious cervical sclerotic lesions.Clinical relevanceSelective acid-etching of the enamel margins enhanced the performance of the two-step self-etch adhesive in terms of marginal discoloration and marginal adaptation at the enamel side.

One-year clinical evaluation of a two-step self-etch adhesive with and without additional enamel etching technique in cervical lesions

BACKGROUNDnThe aim of this study was to determine the clinical performance of a two-step self-etch adhesive with and without additional enamel etching technique to advanced non-carious cervical sclerotic lesions.nnnMETHODSnTwenty-two patients (mean age = 51.5) having at least two pairs of non-carious cervical erosion/attrition/abfraction lesions with incisal or occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentine/cementum were included in the study. The two-step self-etch adhesive (AdheSE; Ivoclar-Vivadent) was either applied following the self-etch approach on both enamel and dentine (AdheSE non-etch), or a similar application including additional acid-etching of the enamel cavity margins with 37% phosphoric acid (AdheSE etch). Resin composite Point 4 was used for all 104 restorations. Restorations were evaluated at baseline and at one year according to the modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Data were analysed by using McNemars test (p <0.05).nnnRESULTSnThere were no significant differences in the marginal adaptation both at the cervical and enamel margins between AdheSE non-etch and AdheSE etch groups (p >0.05). At one year, marginal discolouration was evident in the AdheSE non-etch group but it was not statistically significant from the AdheSE etch group (p = 0.12). Postoperative sensitivity was 5% at baseline and reduced to 2% at one year.nnnCONCLUSIONSnAt one year, the two-step self-etch adhesive with and without additional enamel etching technique showed excellent clinical results to advanced non-carious cervical sclerotic lesions.

Leakage Pathway of Different Nano-Restorative Materials in Class V Cavities Prepared by Er:YAG Laser and Bur Preparation

OBJECTIVEnThe aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of different nano-restorative materials in Class V cavities prepared by Er:YAG laser and bur preparation.nnnMATERIALS AND METHODSnClass V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 72 premolars by Er:YAG laser or bur. The occlusal margins were in enamel and the cervical margins were in cementum. Teeth were randomly assigned to six groups of 12 teeth (n = 24 cavities) each as follows: Group 1, Er:YAG laser preparation (E)+Ketac N100 (K); Group 2, bur preparation (B)+K; Group 3, E+Adper Prompt L-Pop (A)+Filtek Supreme XT Flow (FSF); Group 4, B+A+FSF; Group 5, E+A+Filtek Supreme XT (FS); Group 6, B+A+FS. All teeth were thermocycled 500 times. Ten teeth from each group were chosen for the microleakage investigation and two teeth for the scanning electron microscope evaluation. Teeth prepared for the microleakage test were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 h. Afterwards, the teeth were sectioned and observed under a stereomicroscope for dye penetration. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (p < 0.05).nnnRESULTSnThere were significant differences between occlusal and cervical regions for all groups (p < 0.05) except for Group 1. Bur-prepared cavities showed less microleakage in all groups for enamel (p < 0.05); however, in cementum there were no significant differences between the bur- and laser-prepared cavities in nano-glass ionomer and flowable composite groups (p > 0.05).nnnCONCLUSIONnIt may be concluded that the cavities prepared by Er:YAG laser showed higher degree of microleakage than those conventionally prepared by bur, regardless of the restorative material at enamel margins.

Effects of sports beverages and polishing systems on color stability of different resin composites.

Background: Consumption of certain acidic beverages may alter the physical and esthetic properties of resin composites. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two sports beverages on color stability of two different types of resin composites polished with different composite polishing systems. Materials and Methods: A total of 96 disk-shaped specimens (diameter: 8-mm and thickness: 2-mm) were made from two different resin composites (Cavex Quadrant Universal-LC, and Clearfil-APX). All of the specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 h at 37°C. Color measurements of each specimen were performed using a colorimeter according to the CIEL*a*b* color scale at baseline and after seven days of immersion in two different sports beverages (Powerade and Buzzer). Statistical Analysis Used: The data were evaluated using Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: Significant differences were found between the mean ΔE values of the groups after seven days of immersion (P < 0.05). The highest level of the mean color change was observed in the Clearfil APX specimens immersed in Powerade (ΔE = 3.5 ± 0.9). Control groups stored in distilled water for both composites exhibited small color changes (ΔE-Cavex-bur = 2.1 ± 1; ΔE-Clearfil APX-bur = 2.1 ± 0.4). Conclusion: Sport beverages caused discoloration in the resin composites after seven days.

The frequency of distomolar teeth in a population of urban Turkish adults : a retrospective study

ObjectivesTo determine the frequency, location, and shape of distomolar teeth in a population of urban Turkish adults.MethodsA total of 4,023 patients (1,586 males, 2,437 females) with a mean age of 32.85xa0±xa010.82xa0years (males 33.01xa0±xa011.39, females 32.76xa0±xa010.62) were studied. Patients younger than 18xa0years of age were excluded. Panoramic radiographs of the patients were examined to diagnose the presence of distomolar teeth. In the diagnosis, care was taken to include only those patients who had not undergone any extractions in the third molar regions. Data were analyzed by the chi-squared test (Pxa0<xa00.05).ResultsThe presence of distomolars was observed in 0.57% of this population. In total, 29 distomolar teeth were observed in 23 patients. Distomolars were found primarily in the maxillary left (nxa0=xa08, 27.5% of the distomolars) and right quadrants (nxa0=xa06, 20.6% of the distomolars). In one patient, they were observed in all four quadrants. Distomolars occured more frequently in the maxilla (nxa0=xa020, 68.9% of the distomolars), were often impacted (nxa0=xa020, 68.9% of the distomolars), and were found bilaterally in three cases (0.07%).ConclusionIn cases of infection and pain in the molar area, dental practioners may be suspicious of the presence of fourth molars in fully erupted dentition and should make a detailed and careful investigation of panoramic radiographs.

In vitro antibacterial activity of various adhesive materials against oral streptococci

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of various adhesive materials against five different oral streptococci. The antibacterial activity of the adhesive systems was evaluated using agar diffusion tests. In each section of each plate, 6-mm-diameter wells were created with sterilized glass cylinders. Ten microlitres of self-etch adhesives and control materials were applied into the shallow holes. After incubation at 37 °C for 24 h, the growth inhibition zones were measured in millimetres. Statistical analyses were performed by using two-way analysis of variance and the Tukeys multiple range test (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between inhibition zones of oral streptococci cultivated with different adhesive systems (p < 0.01). Clearfil Protect Bond exhibited larger inhibition zones than the other materials that were used against the oral streptococci. The antibacterial effects observed for the different tested adhesive systems may be related to 12-methacryloyloxy dodecyl-pyridinium bromide and the acidic nature of the materials.

The effects of cavity-filling techniques on microleakage in class II resin restorations prepared with Er:YAG laser and diamond bur: A scanning electron microscopy study

The purpose of this study was to investigate how two cavity-filling techniques affect microleakage in class II resin restorations prepared with Er:YAG laser and diamond bur. Standard MO and DO cavities were prepared in 20 extracted third molars, each randomly assigned to either Group-1 [Herculite XRV Ultra-bur-prepared cavity(bp)], Group-2 [Herculite XRV Ultra-laser-prepared cavity(lp)], Group-3 (SonicFill-(bp)], or Group-4 [SonicFill-(lp)]. For Groups 2 and 4, cavities were prepared by using an Er:YAG laser with a wavelength of 2.94u2009μm, output power of 200u2009mJ/pulse, and repetition rate of 20Hz. Teeth were restored with a one-step, self-etch adhesive material (OptiBond All-in-One), a nanohybrid composite (Herculite XRV Ultra), and a bulk-fill composite (SonicFill) according to the manufacturers instructions. Five teeth from each group were chosen for microleakage investigation and two teeth for scanning electron microscope evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed by using Kruskal-Wallis test. Pair-wise comparisons were performed by Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction (pu2009<u20090.05). The statistical analysis of data revealed greater microleakage in cervical versus occlusal regions in all groups (Pu2009<u20090.05). Group-2 yielded a higher degree of marginal leakage than Group-3 in terms of occlusal surfaces (pu2009<u20090.05). For cervical regions, a statistically significant difference was observed between Groups 2 and 3 as well as Groups 2 and 4 (pu2009<u20090.05). Group-3 exhibited significantly better marginal sealing than Group-1 in the cervical region (pu2009<u20090.05). The cavities prepared using an Er:YAG laser showed greater microleakage than those conventionally prepared using burs regardless of restorative material at both occlusal and cervical margins. SCANNING 38:389-395, 2016.

Effect of different parameters of Er:YAG laser irradiations on class V composite restorations: A scanning electron microscopy study.

The purpose of this study was to compare different parameters of Er:YAG laser irradiations on the marginal microleakage of Class V resin composite restorations. A total of 45 extracted premolars were selected for the study. Class V cavities prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of teeth by Er:YAG laser or bur and divided into nine groups. The occlusal margins were in enamel and the cervical margins were in cementum. Group-1: bur preparation; Group-2: laser preparation (lp) (600u2009mJ/5u2009Hz); Group-3: lp (300u2009mJ/10u2009Hz); Group-4: lp (200u2009mJ/15u2009Hz); Group-5: lp (150u2009mJ/20u2009Hz); Group-6: lp (200u2009mJ/20u2009Hz); Group-7: lp (300u2009mJ/14u2009Hz); Group-8: lp (400u2009mJ/10u2009Hz); Group-9: lp (700u2009mJ/5u2009Hz). All teeth were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24u2009h, then thermocycled 1,000 times (5-55°C). Five teeth from each group were chosen for the microleakage investigation and two teeth for the scanning electron microscope (SEM) evaluation. Teeth, which were prepared for the microleakage test were immersed in 0.5% methylene blue dye for 24u2009h. After immersing, the teeth were sectioned and observed under a stereomicroscope for dye penetration. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (pu2009<u20090.05). More microleakage was observed in cervical regions compared to occlusal regions in all groups (pu2009<u20090.05) except for Group 6 (pu2009>u20090.05). No significant difference was observed among groups in terms of occlusal and cervical surfaces, separately (pu2009>u20090.05). It may be concluded that the cavities prepared by Er:YAG laser showed higher degree of microleakage than bur prepared at cervical regions. Different parameters of Er:YAG laser irradiations affected microleakage. SCANNING 38:434-441, 2016.