Eric Márcio Balbino

Capim-braquiária diferido e adubado com nitrogênio: produção e características da forragem

This research was carried out aiming to assess the forage mass and its morphological components, pasture height and falling index, bulk density and the forage nutritional value on nitrogen (N) fertilized and deferred Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk pastures. The treatments had 73, 95 and 116-day deferring periods, and 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha N doses. A randomized block design with three replicates and subdivided plots was used. Total forage, green forage and green stem mass, as well as pasture height and forage bulk density increased along with the deferring periods and N doses. The pasture deferred for the longest period showed the highest dead forage mass and falling index. The neutral detergent fiber was high and crude protein (CP) percentage diminished as the deferred period increased. The CP percentage increased as the N dose increased. The deferring period and the nitrogen fertilization equally affected both deferred forage production and characteristics; however the deferred period has a higher magnitude. Performing nitrogen fertilization allows a reduction in the deferring period of pasture without reducing the forage production.

Tiller characteristics in nitrogen fertilized and deferred signalgrass pastures

This work aimed to evaluate the tilling and tiller structural characteristics on Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk pasture fertilized with nitrogen (N) under different deferring periods. The treatments had 73, 95 and 116-day deferring periods, and 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha N doses. A randomized block design with three replicates and subdivided plots was used. The number of vegetative tillers (VT) reduced as the deferring period increased. Interaction between the deferring period and N doses on the VT population density was verified. The longest deferring period increased the number of reproductive tillers (RT) on the B. decumbens cv. Basilisk pasture; however, N doses did not affect the number of RT. The number of dead tillers was not influenced by the studied factors. Both deferring periods and nitrogen fertilization increased the weight of all tiller categories of B. decumbens cv. Basilisk. The tiller structural characteristics found on deferred pastures were altered by the deferring periods and N doses. Reducing the deferring period and nitrogen fertilization are appropriate handling strategies for increasing the number of vegetative tillers on Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk pastures.

Nutritive value of tillers and morphological components on deferred and nitrogen fertilized pastures of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk

This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the nutritional value of tillers and the morphological components on deferred and nitrogen-fertilized pastures of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. Two experiments were performed in randomized block designs with three repetitions and subdivided plot scheme. In the first experiment, combinations among nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha) were performed either with the morphological components (green leaves, green stem, dead leaves and dead stem) or with tiller categories (vegetative and reproductive) of the pasture. In the second experiment, the combinations of the deferring periods (73, 95 and 116 days) with the tiller categories (vegetative and reproductive) were studied. N-fertilization increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) percentage in the green stem and the content of crude protein (CP) in green leaves, dead leaves, and green stem. N-fertilization also increased CP percentages in the vegetative and reproductive tillers, as well as the NDF content in vegetative tillers. A higher deferring period resulted in an increment of the NDF percentage and a reduction of crude protein percentage in the vegetative and reproductive tillers. Nitrogen dose and the deferring period alter the nutritional value of the morphological components and the tillers of the pastures of B. decumbens cv. Basilisk. For deferring of pastures, management actions that result in higher percentages of green foliar blade and vegetative tiller in the pasture contribute to improve the nutritional value of the deferred forage.This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the nutritional value of tillers and the morphological components on deferred and nitrogen-fertilized pastures of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. Two experiments were performed in randomized block designs with three repetitions and subdivided plot scheme. In the first experiment, combinations among nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha) were performed either with the morphological components (green leaves, green stem, dead leaves and dead stem) or with tiller categories (vegetative and reproductive) of the pasture. In the second experiment, the combinations of the deferring periods (73, 95 and 116 days) with the tiller categories (vegetative and reproductive) were studied. N-fertilization increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) percentage in the green stem and the content of crude protein (CP) in green leaves, dead leaves, and green stem. N-fertilization also increased CP percentages in the vegetative and reproductive tillers, as well as the NDF content in vegetative tillers. A higher deferring period resulted in an increment of the NDF percentage and a reduction of crude protein percentage in the vegetative and reproductive tillers. Nitrogen dose and the deferring period alter the nutritional value of the morphological components and the tillers of the pastures of B. decumbens cv. Basilisk. For deferring of pastures, management actions that result in higher percentages of green foliar blade and vegetative tiller in the pasture contribute to improve the nutritional value of the deferred forage.

Utilização das vitaminas C e E em rações para frangos de corte mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementation of vitamins C or E in the diet on performance, carcass characteristics and hematological parameters of broilers kept under high environmental temperature. Four hundred and fifty broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and nine replications, with 10 and 7 birds per experimental unit, respectively, according to the periods from 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days old. Treatments consisted of a basal diet (RB) without supplementation of vitamins C and E; RB + 300 ppm of vitamin E; RB + 230 ppm of vitamin C; RB + 300 ppm of vitamin E + 230 of vitamin C, and RB + 150 ppm of vitamin E + 115 of vitamin C. Treatments did not influence performance of birds in the phase of 1 to 21 days of age. At 1 to 42 days of age, supplementation of vitamins C and E only influenced feed conversion. The best results for the absolute and relative weights of breast were observed in birds fed the basal diet supplemented with different combinations of vitamins C and E. Plasma concentration of triiodothyronine, percentage of blood cells, the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio and absolute and relative weights of the spleen at 21 and 42 days of age were not influenced by vitamin supplementation. Supplementation of vitamins C and/or E did not influence performance, weight of the spleen or blood parameters of chickens maintained until 42 days of age in a high temperature environment. The combination of vitamins C and E promotes improvement in absolute and relative weights of breast of broilers reared under high temperature

Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish

Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) were evaluated. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used, with three dietary crude protein levels being tested (26, 30, and 34% of CP) combined with two digestible energy levels (3,100 and 3,300 kcal DE/kg of diet) in three replicates. Juveniles averaging 2.33 ± 0.26 g were reared in a 25L-aquarium with controlled temperature (26 ± 1oC), biological filter and stocking density of six fish/aquarium. Fish were fed ad libitum at 09:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. The following performance parameters were evaluated: final weight, final length, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor. Fish fed diets with 26% CP showed greater protein efficiency values when compared to those fed diets with 34% CP. Diets with 26% of CP and 3100 kcal DE/kg could meet the nutritional requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish.

Herbal extracts in diets for broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding herbal extracts for broilers on performance and histology of the intestinal mucosa and its effects on the profiting from the metabolizable energy of experimental diets. For so, two experiments were conducted. In experiment I, the inclusion of different herbal extracts in diets on performance and intestinal histology of broilers was evaluated, and in experiment II, the values of apparent metabolizable energy and metabolizable energy corrected by the nitrogen balance of the experimental diets were studied. Treatments consisted of: positive control diet; positive control + avilamycin; negative control; negative control + 100 ppm of a complex containing three different herbal medicines (pepper, cinnamon and oregano); negative control + 75 ppm garlic extract; negative control + 150 ppm garlic extract. In the performance experiment, which comprised the period of 1 to 40 days of age, 960 male broilers were distributed in a randomized block design, with six treatments and eight replicates, with 20 birds per experimental unit. In experiment II, the method adopted was the traditional of total excreta collection with male broiler chicks in the age of 14 to 24 days, in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and eight replicates with five birds per experimental unit. The intestinal villus height was improved with addition of the composite containing the three herbal extracts; however, crypt depth and villus/crypt ratio were not affected. The use of herbal extract in diets for broilers promotes performance similar to that with the use of antibiotics. Herbal extracts can be incorporated into diets replacing antibiotics without compromising the metabolizable energy of diets, performance or intestinal mucosa for broilers in the period of 1 to 40 days of age.

Níveis de cromo orgânico na dieta de codornas japonesas mantidas em estresse por calor na fase de postura

The objective was to evaluate the effects of the addition of organic chromium in the diet of Japanese quails in the initial fase of laying, under heat stress. Six hundred quails averaging 63 days old and initial body weight of 158.60 g on high temperature environment (32oC) were used. Diets were based on corn and soybean meal, and supplemented with five levels of chromium (0, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppb), from chromium-methionine, in replacement with innert material. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 12 experimental units per treatment and ten birds in each experimental unit. The least significant level for Cr inclusion in the diet was obtained using the Willians test, at 5% significance level, on the following variables: egg production (total egg production, egg production by lodged bird and commercial egg production by lodged bird, egg weight), feed intake, feed conversion (by kg of egg and by dozen of egg) and egg mass. The level of 500 ppb increased the egg commercial production by lodged bird. Feed intake increased at 2000 ppb Cr. Other variables were not influenced by the different supplemental Cr levels. The results allow to conclude that 500 ppb of supplemental chromium, from chromium-methionine, was able to improve the egg commercial production of laying Japanese quail under heat stress.

Lysine levels in diets for broilers from 8 to 21 days of age

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of digestible lysine levels in diets with and without supplementation of industrial amino acids on performance and fat deposition in the carcass of broilers in the starter phase. One thousand four hundred and forty chickens with initial weight of 168.1±5.0 g were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, composed of five digestible lysine levels (10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0 and 14.0 g/kg) and two types of diet (diet with different proportions of corn and soybean meal and diet supplemented with industrial amino acids to obtain the digestible lysine levels), with eight replications and 18 birds per replication. There was interaction effect only on weight gain and fat deposition in the birds. The lysine levels reduced feed intake linearly in both diets, but caused a linear increase in lysine intake. The lysine levels quadratically affected weight gain and feed conversion, which improved up to the estimated levels of 13.0 and 12.8 g/kg lysine, respectively, when the corn:soybean meal ratio of the diet changed. In the diets supplemented with amino acids, the lysine levels increased weight gain and improved feed conversion linearly. Regardless of the type of diet, protein deposition increased linearly, whereas fat deposition reduced also linearly, as the lysine levels in the diets were increased. The levels of 13.0 and 14.0 g/kg digestible lysine provide, respectively, the best performance in birds fed a diet in which the proportion of corn and soybean meal varies and a diet supplemented with industrial amino acids, in the period from 8 to 21 days of age.

Spatial and temporal variability of vegetation on deferred signalgrass pastures

Avaliou-se a variabilidade espacial e temporal de caracteristicas descritoras da condicao de pastos diferidos de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk (capim-braquiaria). Os tratamentos consistiram de combinacoes dos periodos de diferimento da pastagem (73, 103, 131 e 163 dias) com os periodos de pastejo (29, 57 e 85 dias). Utilizou-se esquema de parcelas subdivididas e delineamento em blocos casualizados com duas repeticoes. Foi determinada a dispersao dos valores de altura do pasto, altura da planta estendida e do indice de tombamento do pasto. A variabilidade espacial da altura do pasto aumentou de forma linear com o periodo de diferimento, porem nao foi influenciada pelo periodo de pastejo. O coeficiente de variacao da altura da planta estendida diminuiu linearmente em pastos submetidos aos maiores periodos de diferimento e nao foi afetado pelo periodo de pastejo. A variabilidade do indice de tombamento, no entanto, apresentou resposta quadratica ao periodo de diferimento, com ponto de maximo correspondente ao coeficiente de variacao de 38,25% aos 130 dias. Em pastagens diferidas por curto periodo (73 dias), ocorreu variacao negativa do coeficiente de variacao durante o periodo de pastejo. Pastos de capimbraquiaria sob diferimento por longos periodos possuem maior variabilidade da altura do pasto e menor heterogeneidade da altura da planta estendida. Alem do efeito temporal, ocorre grande variabilidade espacial nas pastagens de capim-braquiaria diferidas.

Correlations between the number of tillers, falling index, morphological component mass and nutritional value of forage in deferred Urochroa decumbens pastures

The objective of this study was to evaluate correlations between the structural characteristics and nutritional value of different U. decumbens cv. Basilisk pastures. The experiment was carried out in a split-plot design following a randomized block design with two replications. The treatments were combinations among the different pasture periods (73, 103, 131 and 163 days) and the grazing periods (1, 29, 57 and 85 days). The green leaf blade matter (GLB) correlated positively with the percentages of crude protein (CP), potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber (PDNDF) and potentially digestible dry matter (PDDM), but correlated negatively with neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (INDF). Dead stem (DS) correlations were inverse to those obtained for green leaf blade. For vegetative tillering (VT), positive correlations were found with CP and PDDM; negative correlations were found for NDF and INDF of the forage. Dead tiller (DT), correlated positively with NDF and INDF of the forage and negative association with the CP, PDNDF and PDDM rates. The falling index (FI) correlated negatively with the number of VT and correlated positively with the number of reproductive tillers (RT) and dead tillers (DT). The falling index also correlated positively with the NDF and INDF rates and negatively with CP and PDDM. The structural characteristics of the different pasture were associated to their nutritive value. Management actions which result in a reduction in the dead stem matter and the numbers of dead tillers and reproductive tillers contribute to improve the structure and nutritional value of the different pasture.