Erich Fromm

Karl Marx : early writings

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Selfishness and Self-Love

First published in: Psychiatry. Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Process, Washington (The William Alanson Psychiatric Foundation), Vol. 2 (1939), pp. 507-523. Reprint in the Yearbook of the International Erich Fromm Society, Vol. 5 (1994): Dealing with the Alien, Münster: LIT-Verlag, 1995, pp. 173-197. Copyright

Individual and Social Origins of Neurosis

T HE HISTORY of science is a history of erroneous statements. Yet these erroneous statements which mark the progress of thought have a particular quality: they are productive. And they are not just errors either; they are statements, the truth of which is veiled by misconceptions, is clothed in erroneous and inadequate concepts. They are rational visions which contain the seed of truth, which matures and blossoms in the continuous effort of mankind to arrive at objectively valid knowledge about man and nature. Many profound insights about man and society have first found expression in myths and fairy tales, others in metaphysical speculations, others in scientific assumptions which have proven to be incorrect after one or two generations. It is not difficult to see why the evolution of human thought proceeds in this way. The aim of any thinking human being is to arrive at the whole truth, to understand the totality of phenomena which puzzle him. He has only one short life and must want to have a vision of the truth about the world in this short span of time. But he could only understand this totality if his life span were identical with that of the human race. It is only in the process of historical evolution that man develops techniques of observation, gains greater objectivity as an observer, collects new data which are necessary to know if one is to understand the whole. There is a gap, then, between what even the greatest genius can visualize as the truth, and the limitations of knowledge which depend on the accident of the historical phase he happens to live in. Since we cannot live in suspense, we try to fill out this gap with the material of knowledge at hand, even if this material is lacking in the validity which the essence of the vision may have.

Social character in a Mexican village : a sociopsychoanalytic study

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Marx's contribution to the knowledge of man

or Spinoza, whose works on ethics are treatises on psychology, Marx is supposed not to have been much concerned with the individual man, his drives, and his character, but only with the laws of society and its evolution. This disregard of Marx’s contribution to psychology is caused by a number of factors. One, that Marx never put his psychological views in any systematic form, but that they are distributed all over his work and have to be pulled together to display their systematic nature. Second, the vulgar misinterpretation of Marx as having been concerned only with economic phenomena, or the misinterpreted concept of materialism, according to which Marx assumed that man is by nature driven primarily by the wish for economic gain, obscured Marx’s real picture of man and his contribution to psychology. Third, Marx’s dynamic psychology came too early to find sufficient attention. It was not until Freud that a systematic depth psychology was developed, and Freud’s psycho-analysis became the most important dynamic psychological system. Its populapity, to some extent due to its mechanistic materialism, obscured recognition of the core of the humanist depth psychology which is to be found

Marx and Religion

The paper has two parts, the first by Nick Braune and the second by Joan Braune. The first part explores Erich Fromm’s pamphlet, Let Man Prevail: A Socialist Manifesto and Program, written for the Socialist Party-Social Democratic Federation (SP-SDF) in 1960. Nick Braune refutes claims that Fromm was a lightweight “popularizer,” instead presenting Fromm as a science-minded, clear-headed socialist humanist, organizer, and philosopher.

The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness.

In a world in which violence in every form seems to be increasing, Erich Fromm has treated this problem with deep perception in the most original and far-reaching work of his brilliant career. Fromm asks: what is there in the conditions of human existence to lead man to the orgies of destruction and violence in which he has indulged? By drawing on the findings of anthropology, palaeontogy, psychology and history; and including striking character analyses of Stalin, Hitler and Himmler, he shows how the failure to use our capacity for love and reason results in the development of the reverse: we wish to control life absolutely, or to destroy it.

The Present Crisis in Psychoanalysis

There is little doubt that psychoanalysis finds itself in a mounting state of crisis which has become increasingly visible in the last ten years. This crisis pertains both to the theoretical and the clinical aspects of psychoanalysis.