Erik Dietzenbacher

Annual Report 2008

Ukupan broj prijavljenih vlasnika i uzgajivaca u Sredisnjem registru kopitara Republike Hrvatske kojeg vodi Hrvatski centar za konjogojstvo-Državna ergela Lipik, od njegovog utemeljenja do 31.12.2008. godine iznosi 5.894. Od ukupnog broja kroz godine prijavljenih uzgajivaca/vlasnika u 2008. godini aktivno je 3.654 odnosno 62% uzgajivaca/vlasnika konja

An Illustrated User Guide to the World Input–Output Database: The Case of Global Automotive Production

This article provides guidance to prudent use of the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) in analyses of international trade. The WIOD contains annual time-series of world input–output tables and factor requirements covering the period from 1995 to 2011. Underlying concepts, construction methods and data sources are introduced, pointing out particular strengths and weaknesses. We illustrate its usefulness by analyzing the geographical and factorial distribution of value added in global automotive production and show increasing fragmentation, both within and across regions. Possible improvements and extensions to the data are discussed.

Structural Decomposition Techniques: Sense and Sensitivity

Structural decomposition techniques are widely used to break down the growth in some variable into the changes in its determinants. In this paper, we discuss the problems caused by the existence of a multitude of equivalent decomposition forms which are used to measure the contribution of a specific determinant. Although it is well known that structural decompositions are not unique, the extent of the problem and its consequences seem to have been largely neglected. In an empirical analysis for The Netherlands between 1986 and 1992, results are calculated for 24 equivalent decomposition forms. The outcomes exhibit a large degree of variability across the different forms. We also examine the two approaches that have been used predominantly in the literature. The average of the two so-called polar decompositions appears to be remarkably close to the average of the full set of 24 decompositions. The approximate decomposition with mid-point weights appears to be almost exact. Although this last alternative might seem a solution to the problem of the marked sensitivity, in fact, it only conceals the problem.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORLD INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES IN THE WIOD PROJECT

This article describes the construction of the World Input–Output Tables (WIOTs) that constitute the core of the World Input–Output Database. WIOTs are available for the period 1995–2009 and give the values of transactions among 35 industries in 40 countries plus the ‘Rest of the World’ and from these industries to households, governments and users of capital goods in the same set of countries. The article describes how information from the National Accounts, Supply and Use Tables and International Trade Statistics have been harmonized, reconciled and used for estimation procedures to arrive at a consistent time series of WIOTs.

GLOBAL MULTIREGIONAL INPUT–OUTPUT FRAMEWORKS: AN INTRODUCTION AND OUTLOOK

This review is the introduction to a special issue of Economic Systems Research on the topic of global multiregional input–output (GMRIO) tables, models, and analysis. It provides a short historical context of GMRIO development and its applications (many of which deal with environmental extensions) and presents the rationale for the major database projects presented in this special issue. Then the six papers are briefly introduced. This is followed by a concluding comparison of the characteristics of the main GMRIO databases developed thus far and an outlook of potential further developments.

Sectoral and Spatial Linkages in the EC Production Structure

This paper provides a description of the interdependencies in the production structure of the European Community (EC). For the measurement of these interdependencies, a new variant of the hypothetical extraction method is introduced. In contrast to earlier adaptations of this method, our approach allows for a natural distinction of the interdependencies into backward and forward linkages. The empirical results are based on the 1980 intercountry input-output table for seven countries of the EC. The nature of this type of data (viz. country-specific sectors) enables us to focus on the sectoral as well as the spatial dimension of the interdependencies.

The measurement of interindustry linkages: Key sectors in the Netherlands

Abstract The present paper proposes a new method for the measurement of sectoral interdependencies. It is shown that the elements of the eigenvector corresponding to the dominant eigenvalue of a matrix may be used for measuring interindustry linkages. In an empirical study, the eigenvector method is compared with the two methods that are usually applied. Linkage indicators and key sectors are determined for the Netherlands for the entire post-war period 1948–1984. The results show that the eigenvector method provides a better measurement of the interindustry linkages, that it is useful in detecting clusters of sectors, and that it is sensitive to changes in the structure of the economy.

Structural decomposition analyses with dependent determinants

Structural decomposition techniques are used to break down the changes in one variable into the changes in its determinants. Typically, these determinants are assumed to be independent. Using the decomposition of value added growth as a prototype example, this paper examines the phenomenon that several of the determinants are not independent. The determinants are termed fully dependent if changes in one determinant cannot occur without corresponding changes in another determinant. In most empirical cases, full dependence exists between groups of determinants, not between separate determinants. It is indicated that dependencies may cause a bias in the results of decomposition analyses. An alternative to overcome this problem is proposed and the findings are illustrated by an empirical study for The Netherlands 1972-1986.

The Regional Extraction Method: EC Input–Output Comparisons

This paper presents a method for quantifying inter-regional linkages on the basis of a many-region input—output table. The extraction method proposed can be seen as an extension of Strasserts hypothetical extraction method. Instead of extracting one sector from a sector-based model, the effects of hypothetically extracting a region from a many-region model are considered. It is shown that the method calculates so-called backward linkages. Forward linkages are obtained analogously from the matrix of allocation coefficients. The method is applied to intercountry linkages for the EC in the years 1970 and 1980.

Drivers of the growth in global greenhouse gas emissions.

Greenhouse gas emissions increased by 8.9 Gigatons CO2 equivalent (Gt) in the period 1995-2008. A phenomenon that has received due attention is the upsurge of emission transfers via international trade. A question that has remained unanswered is whether trade changes have affected global emissions. For each of five factors (one of which is trade changes) in 40 countries we quantify its contribution to the growth in global emissions. We find that the changes in the levels of consumption per capita have led to an enormous growth in emissions (+14.0 Gt). This effect was partly offset by the changes in technology (-8.4 Gt). Smaller effects are found for population growth (+4.2 Gt) and changes in the composition of the consumption (-1.5 Gt). Changes in the trade structure had a very moderate effect on global emissions (+0.6 Gt). Looking at the geographical distribution, changes in the emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia and China) have caused 44% of emission growth whereas the increase in their national emissions accounted for 59% of emission growth. This means that 15% (1.4 Gt) of all extra GHG emissions between 1995 and 2008 have been emitted in emerging countries but were caused by changes in other countries.