Evandro Maia Ferreira

Digestibilidade da dieta, parâmetros ruminais e desempenho de ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com polpa cítrica peletizada e resíduo úmido de cervejaria

Two experiments were carried out with the objective to determine the effect of replacing corn by dried citrus pulp and wet brewer grain on apparent digestibility of nutrients of the diet, ruminal parameters and performance of sheep. The diets were defined by the replacement of corn (control) by dried citrus pulp or by a mixture of wet brewer grain and citrus pulp. In experiment 1, for evaluation of intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients and ruminal parameters, 12 Santa Ines ram lambs fitted with canulas in the rumen were assigned to a randomized complete block design with three diets and four replicates. In experiment two, for performance evaluation, 48 ewe lambs were confined and fed the same diets of experiment 1. Replacement of corn by dried citrus pulp did not affect intake or digestibility of nutrients in the diet. However, the inclusion of wet brewer grain reduced intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients, with exception of NDF. Apparent digestibility of NDF was similar among diets. Inclusion of wet brewer grain in the diet decreased ruminal concentration of acetate and propionate and increased acetate/propionate ratio and ruminal pH. In general, there is no difference between the diet containing corn and that containing citrus pulp in total replacement to corn. The use of wet brewer grain, however, reduces average daily gain, final body weight and feed efficiency.

Cana-de-açúcar in natura ou ensilada com e sem aditivos químicos: estabilidade aeróbia dos volumosos e das rações

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the susceptibility to aerobic deterioration and dry matter losses of fresh sugarcane and silages with or without chemical additives, and diets composed formulated with these bulks. The experiments were conducted in a complete randomized design with four replications, consisting of fresh or ensilaged sugarcane with calcium oxide or limestone at the level of 1% fresh matter. The aerobic stability was assessed of the bulks and diets by monitoring temperature, pH and dry matter losses during ten days. The treatment sugarcane with calcium oxide improved aerobic stability, shown by the longer time needed to raise the temperature and the smaller dry matter losses. Fresh sugarcane was more susceptible to deterioration, showing the highest temperature increase and dry matter losses. Diets containing bulk also showed the superiority of the silage treated with chemical additives and improvement in aerobic stability, compared to bulks without the diet components. The additives were shown to be effective in improving silage stability and reducing dry matter losses. Fresh sugarcane was more susceptible to aerobic deterioration than silages. Diets containing sugarcane silage with additives delayed the aerobic deterioration and may be a possible strategy to improve farm nutritional management.

Efeito do genótipo sobre a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de borregas

The objective in this study was to investigate the effects of genotype (breed) on the chemical composition and the fatty acid profile in the longissimus dorsi muscle of feedlot ewe lambs. Thirty-six ewe lambs were assigned to a randomized complete block design with the following genotypes: Santa Ines (SI), Ile de France (IF), Ile de France × Santa Ines (IF × SI), Dorper × Santa Ines (DO × SI), Texel × Santa Ines (TE × SI) and Suffolk × Santa Ines (SU × SI). Blocks were defined by initial weight and age. Genotype did not affect moisture, ash or protein content of the longissimus dorsi. Meat from SI and SU × SI ewe lambs showed less fat compared with IF and IF × SI. Oleic (C18:1cis), palmitic (C16:0), and stearic (C18:0) were the fatty acids found in largest amounts in the intramuscular fat in this study. The genetic group IF × SI showed smaller ratio between polyunsatured fatty acid (PUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) when compared with SI and SU × SI ewe lambs. Santa Ines and Suffolk × Santa Ines crossbred animals showed potential to produce meat with higher nutritional value due to lower fat content and better ratio between polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids.

Substituição do grão de milho pelo grão de milheto em dietas contendo silagem de milho ou silagem de capim-elefante na alimentação de bovinos de corte

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da substituicao do grao de milho pelo grao de milheto em dietas contendo silagem de milho ou de capim-elefante sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e os parâmetros ruminais de bovinos de corte. Seis novilhos da raca Nelore, providos de cânula ruminal, foram distribuidos em quadrado latino 6 x 6, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3, com duas fontes de volumoso (silagem de milho ou silagem de capim-elefante) e tres niveis de substituicao do grao de milho pelo grao de milheto (0, 50 ou 100%). A substituicao do grao de milho pelo grao de milheto e as fontes de volumoso nao influenciaram o consumo de nutrientes. Entretanto, a utilizacao da silagem de capim-elefante aumentou o consumo de fibra em detergente acido e reduziu o consumo de amido em comparacao as dietas contendo silagem de milho. Nao houve efeito da substituicao do grao de milho pelo grao de milheto sobre a digestibilidade de materia seca, materia orgânica, proteina bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente acido. Contudo, houve aumento da digestibilidade do extrato etereo, e os maiores valores foram observados para as dietas contendo 50 e 100% de grao de milheto em relacao as dietas contendo 100% de grao de milho, independentemente da fonte de volumoso. A digestibilidade do amido tambem aumentou com a substituicao do grao de milho pelo grao de milheto. A fonte de volumoso influenciou a digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente acido, que aumentou com a utilizacao da silagem de capim-elefante. A substituicao do grao de milho pelo grao de milheto na dieta reduz a concentracao ruminal de amonia sem alterar a concentracao de acetato, propionato, acidos graxos volateis totais e o pH ruminal. A utilizacao de silagem de capim-elefante aumenta a concentracao ruminal de acetato e a relacao acetato:propionato.

Physical-chemical characteristics of protein sources and their interactions on ruminal degradation and passage rate

It was aimed to evaluate in this work the effects of physical characteristics (density, solubility, average particle size and water holding capacity) on in situ effective degraded fraction of the dry matter of soybean meal, canola meal, peanut meal, and cottonseed meal. It was also evaluated the passage rate of solids using four Santa Ines castrated wethers cannulated in the rumen. Samples with 100 g of each protein meal marked with sodium dichromate were put in the rumen and kept in there during six times of incubation (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours). Fecal collection times were 0, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Parameters of solubility and water holding capacity changed the effectively degraded fraction. The lowest density and the highest proportion of the cellular wall of canola meal provided the lowest passage rate of this protein source. Only water holding capacity influenced solid passage rate of the evaluated ingredients. The solubility, water holding capacity, average particle size and density should be used in the diet feed evaluation for degradation and ruminal metabolism studies. Introduction of new physical characteristics in the ingredient library of food evaluation system may help to interpret and to predict metabolic parameters.

Avaliação do efeito do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura obtido por dois métodos sobre o desempenho e o comportamento ingestivo de bovinos de corte

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of replacing steam pressure treated sugar cane bagasse by two types of raw sugar cane bagasse extracted through grinding or diffusion, on performance and ingestive behavior of beef cattle. Eighty four young bulls (Nelore, Canchim and Holstein) with 270kg of body weight at the beginning of the experiment were used in a randomized block design. Ingestive behavior was evaluated using four Nelore young bulls in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Treatments were the direct substitution of steam pressure treated sugarcane bagasse by raw bagasse (RB), corresponding to the experimental treatments: 5% RB from grinding; 5% RB from diffusion; 10% RB from diffusion and 15% RB from diffusion. Dry matter intake was lower in treatment with 15% of bagasse obtained by diffusion (BINdif) in comparison to 10% BINdif. There were no differences (P>0.05) among treatments for average daily gain, feed conversion and final live weight. Ruminating time (minutes/kg of DM) and chewing time (minutes/kg of DM or NDF) was greater (P>0.05) when BINdif was added at 15% level to diets. BINdif can be added up to 15% of the dietary DM with no detrimental effect on beef cattle performance.

Growth, carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the longissimus dorsi muscle in goat kids fed diets with castor oil

The objective in this study was to determine growth, carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the longissimus dorsi of crossbred Boer × Saanen kids fed castor oil. Twenty-four kids (12 males and 12 females) were assigned in a randomized complete block design with two treatments and twelve replications. Blocks were defined according to weight, gender and initial age of animals for the evaluation of performance. The experimental treatments consisted of two diets containing 900 g concentrate/kg: a control diet (without addition of oil) and another containing castor oil at 30 g/kg (on a dry matter basis). After they reached an average body weight of 25 kg, males were slaughtered for the evaluation of carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the longissimus dorsi muscle. The addition of castor oil in the diet did not affect the intake of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber; the average daily gain; and feed conversion, but increased the ether extract intake. No difference was observed for the carcass characteristics, chemical composition of the meat, concentration of C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA) and total concentration of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and their relations; however, there was increase in the concentrations of C18:2 trans-10, cis-12 (CLA) and C20:4 ω-6. The addition of castor oil to the diet of crossbred Boer × Saanen kids containing a high content of concentrate did not promote benefit to the characteristics evaluated.

Características agronômicas do Panicum maximum cv. "Mombaça" submetido a níveis crescentes de fósforo

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of the addition of increasing doses of P2O5 on the height of the dossal, number of stalks, production of dry matter of leaves and the stems of the Mombaca-grass, in different ages. The experiment was implanted in an Eutrophic Red Nitossol. The experimental designs used were complete randomized block, with four replicates, five levels of P2O5 (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150kg. ha-1) and a tester. Analyzing the first and second harvest of the pasture the tillering showed positive linear response to the increasing phosphorus levels, for the third and fourth harvest, the data were adjusted to the quadratic model. Increasing P2O5 doses decreased the leaf lamina fraction of aerial part dry matter, however raised the stems fraction. In the first, second and third harvest, aerial part dry matter production increased linearly (7, 15 and 19kg ha-1 of DM for kg ha-1 of P2O5, respectively). In the fourth harvest the data were adjusted to the quadratic model of regression, the maximum production (8.3Mg ha-1 of DM) was obtained in the application of 103kg ha-1 of P2O5.

Intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and ruminal constituents of sheep fed diets with canola, sunflower or castor oils

ABSTRACT - The objective in this experiment was to determine the effects of feeding diets with canola, sunflowerorcastor oils on intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and ruminal constituents of crossbred Dorper × Santa Ines sheep. Four rumen-cannulated animals of 90.2±11.4 kg average body weight were assigned to a 4 × 4 latin square. Animals remained individually in cages for the metabolism assay and were fed diets containing roughage at 500 g/kg and concentrate based on ground corn and soybean meal also at 500 g/kg. No oil was added to the control diet, whereas the others had canola, sunfloweror castor oils at 30 g/kg (DM basis). There was no difference for the intake of DM and nutrients, except for ether extract, which was greater when animals received oil. The digestibility coefficientsofdrymatter,organicmatter,crudeprotein,non-fiber carbohydrates and neutral detergent fiber were not changed; however, the addition of oil increased the ether extractdigestibility. The values of total digestible nutrients (TDN, g/kg of DM), digestible energy (DE, Mcal/kg of DM), TDN intake and DE intake also did not change with the addition of lipids. Concerning the ruminal constituents, the addition of vegetable oils reduced the concentrations of acetate, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acids. Adding canola, sunflowerorcastoroilsat 30 g/kg in diets with 500 g roughage/kg and 500 g concentrate/kg does not impair the intake or digestibility of nutrients in sheep, although it reduces the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen.Key Words: ammonia, lipids, metabolism, short-chain fatty acids

Digestibilidade dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais de bovinos de corte alimentados com rações contendo bagaço de cana-de-açúcar obtido pelo método de extração por difusão ou por moagem convencional

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding sugarcane bagasse, obtained by extraction of sugar using diffusion (BINdif) or conventional milling (BINmoa) method, as a fiber source associated with bagasse treated under pressure and steam (BTPV) on nutrient digestibility and ruminal characteristics in beef cattle. Four Nellore young bulls (380 kg BW), fitted with ruminal cannula, were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin Square design. Combination of bagasse in a 50:50 (concentrate:roughage) experimental rations were: 5% BINmoa + 45% BTPV; 5% BINdif + 45% BTPV; 10% BINdif + 40% BTPV; 15% BINdif + 35% BTPV. There was no effect of using BINdif on digestibility of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and EE) of the diets. However, feeding bagasse obtained by diffusion reduced DM, OM and NDF intakes when compared to bagasse obtained by milling. Total production of ruminal volatile fatty acids, molar percentage of acetic, propionic and butyric acids, acetate:propionate ratio, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration did not differ among treatments. Feeding sugarcane bagasse obtained by diffusion or conventional milling method, as source of raw fiber, associated with hydrolized bagasse by pressure and steam had no detrimental effect on nutrient digestibility and ruminal characteristics in beef cattle fed diets containing 50% concentrate.