Renato Shinkai Gentil

Digestibilidade da dieta, parâmetros ruminais e desempenho de ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com polpa cítrica peletizada e resíduo úmido de cervejaria

Two experiments were carried out with the objective to determine the effect of replacing corn by dried citrus pulp and wet brewer grain on apparent digestibility of nutrients of the diet, ruminal parameters and performance of sheep. The diets were defined by the replacement of corn (control) by dried citrus pulp or by a mixture of wet brewer grain and citrus pulp. In experiment 1, for evaluation of intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients and ruminal parameters, 12 Santa Ines ram lambs fitted with canulas in the rumen were assigned to a randomized complete block design with three diets and four replicates. In experiment two, for performance evaluation, 48 ewe lambs were confined and fed the same diets of experiment 1. Replacement of corn by dried citrus pulp did not affect intake or digestibility of nutrients in the diet. However, the inclusion of wet brewer grain reduced intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients, with exception of NDF. Apparent digestibility of NDF was similar among diets. Inclusion of wet brewer grain in the diet decreased ruminal concentration of acetate and propionate and increased acetate/propionate ratio and ruminal pH. In general, there is no difference between the diet containing corn and that containing citrus pulp in total replacement to corn. The use of wet brewer grain, however, reduces average daily gain, final body weight and feed efficiency.

Cana-de-açúcar in natura ou ensilada com e sem aditivos químicos: estabilidade aeróbia dos volumosos e das rações

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the susceptibility to aerobic deterioration and dry matter losses of fresh sugarcane and silages with or without chemical additives, and diets composed formulated with these bulks. The experiments were conducted in a complete randomized design with four replications, consisting of fresh or ensilaged sugarcane with calcium oxide or limestone at the level of 1% fresh matter. The aerobic stability was assessed of the bulks and diets by monitoring temperature, pH and dry matter losses during ten days. The treatment sugarcane with calcium oxide improved aerobic stability, shown by the longer time needed to raise the temperature and the smaller dry matter losses. Fresh sugarcane was more susceptible to deterioration, showing the highest temperature increase and dry matter losses. Diets containing bulk also showed the superiority of the silage treated with chemical additives and improvement in aerobic stability, compared to bulks without the diet components. The additives were shown to be effective in improving silage stability and reducing dry matter losses. Fresh sugarcane was more susceptible to aerobic deterioration than silages. Diets containing sugarcane silage with additives delayed the aerobic deterioration and may be a possible strategy to improve farm nutritional management.

Efeito do genótipo sobre a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de borregas

The objective in this study was to investigate the effects of genotype (breed) on the chemical composition and the fatty acid profile in the longissimus dorsi muscle of feedlot ewe lambs. Thirty-six ewe lambs were assigned to a randomized complete block design with the following genotypes: Santa Ines (SI), Ile de France (IF), Ile de France × Santa Ines (IF × SI), Dorper × Santa Ines (DO × SI), Texel × Santa Ines (TE × SI) and Suffolk × Santa Ines (SU × SI). Blocks were defined by initial weight and age. Genotype did not affect moisture, ash or protein content of the longissimus dorsi. Meat from SI and SU × SI ewe lambs showed less fat compared with IF and IF × SI. Oleic (C18:1cis), palmitic (C16:0), and stearic (C18:0) were the fatty acids found in largest amounts in the intramuscular fat in this study. The genetic group IF × SI showed smaller ratio between polyunsatured fatty acid (PUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) when compared with SI and SU × SI ewe lambs. Santa Ines and Suffolk × Santa Ines crossbred animals showed potential to produce meat with higher nutritional value due to lower fat content and better ratio between polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids.

Substituição parcial do farelo de soja por ureia ou amireia na alimentação de cabras em lactação

Thirty-three dairy goats were used to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal by urea or starea (urea + extruded corn) on milk production and composition and plasma glucose, urea nitrogen and nonesterified fatty acids concentrations. The animals were distributed in a randomized complete block design, with three experimental diets and eleven replicates. All the experimental diets were isonitrogenous, composed by 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate, with different nitrogenous sources (soybean meal, soybean meal + 2.8% starea or soybean meal + 1.5% urea). The nitrogenous sources used in the diets did not influence dry matter intake, milk production, milk production corrected for 3.5% fat-corrected milk, neither milk fat and protein contents. Plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acids concentrations were not modified by nitrogen sources. However, plasma urea nitrogen concentration in the harvest after the fourth experimental week was lower for animals fed soybean meal diet. Plasma concentration of glucose, urea nitrogen and non-esterified fatty acids were similar among non-protein nitrogen sources, regardless to the way it was used. Urea used in the extruded form (starea) has no advantage compared to the urea used in the conventional form.Thirty-three dairy goats were used to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal by urea or starea (urea + extruded corn) on milk production and composition and plasma glucose, urea nitrogen and nonesterified fatty acids concentrations. The animals were distributed in a randomized complete block design, with three experimental diets and eleven replicates. All the experimental diets were isonitrogenous, composed by 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate, with different nitrogenous sources (soybean meal, soybean meal + 2.8% starea or soybean meal + 1.5% urea). The nitrogenous sources used in the diets did not influence dry matter intake, milk production, milk production corrected for 3.5% fat-corrected milk, neither milk fat and protein contents. Plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acids concentrations were not modified by nitrogen sources. However, plasma urea nitrogen concentration in the harvest after the fourth experimental week was lower for animals fed soybean meal diet. Plasma concentration of glucose, urea nitrogen and non-esterified fatty acids were similar among non-protein nitrogen sources, regardless to the way it was used. Urea used in the extruded form (starea) has no advantage compared to the urea used in the conventional form.

Growth, carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the longissimus dorsi muscle in goat kids fed diets with castor oil

The objective in this study was to determine growth, carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the longissimus dorsi of crossbred Boer × Saanen kids fed castor oil. Twenty-four kids (12 males and 12 females) were assigned in a randomized complete block design with two treatments and twelve replications. Blocks were defined according to weight, gender and initial age of animals for the evaluation of performance. The experimental treatments consisted of two diets containing 900 g concentrate/kg: a control diet (without addition of oil) and another containing castor oil at 30 g/kg (on a dry matter basis). After they reached an average body weight of 25 kg, males were slaughtered for the evaluation of carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the longissimus dorsi muscle. The addition of castor oil in the diet did not affect the intake of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber; the average daily gain; and feed conversion, but increased the ether extract intake. No difference was observed for the carcass characteristics, chemical composition of the meat, concentration of C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA) and total concentration of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and their relations; however, there was increase in the concentrations of C18:2 trans-10, cis-12 (CLA) and C20:4 ω-6. The addition of castor oil to the diet of crossbred Boer × Saanen kids containing a high content of concentrate did not promote benefit to the characteristics evaluated.

Intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and ruminal constituents of sheep fed diets with canola, sunflower or castor oils

ABSTRACT - The objective in this experiment was to determine the effects of feeding diets with canola, sunflowerorcastor oils on intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and ruminal constituents of crossbred Dorper × Santa Ines sheep. Four rumen-cannulated animals of 90.2±11.4 kg average body weight were assigned to a 4 × 4 latin square. Animals remained individually in cages for the metabolism assay and were fed diets containing roughage at 500 g/kg and concentrate based on ground corn and soybean meal also at 500 g/kg. No oil was added to the control diet, whereas the others had canola, sunfloweror castor oils at 30 g/kg (DM basis). There was no difference for the intake of DM and nutrients, except for ether extract, which was greater when animals received oil. The digestibility coefficientsofdrymatter,organicmatter,crudeprotein,non-fiber carbohydrates and neutral detergent fiber were not changed; however, the addition of oil increased the ether extractdigestibility. The values of total digestible nutrients (TDN, g/kg of DM), digestible energy (DE, Mcal/kg of DM), TDN intake and DE intake also did not change with the addition of lipids. Concerning the ruminal constituents, the addition of vegetable oils reduced the concentrations of acetate, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acids. Adding canola, sunflowerorcastoroilsat 30 g/kg in diets with 500 g roughage/kg and 500 g concentrate/kg does not impair the intake or digestibility of nutrients in sheep, although it reduces the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen.Key Words: ammonia, lipids, metabolism, short-chain fatty acids

Desempenho, características da carcaça, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, metabolismo de nitrogênio e parâmetros ruminais de cordeiros alimentados com rações contendo polpa cítrica úmida semidespectinada e/ou polpa cítrica desidratada

ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to determine the effects of partial replacement of dried citrus pulp (DCP)by wet low pectin citrus pulp (WLPCP), wet low pectin citrus pulp silage (WLPCPS) or wet low pectin citrus pulp silagewith sodium benzoate (WLPCPS+B) on performance and carcass characteristics, apparent digestibility of nutrients, ruminalmeasures, and nitrogen metabolism of lambs. In the performance trial, 64 Santa Ines ram lambs were fed 95% concentrateand 5% sugarcane bagasse diets during 56 days. The experimental design was a randomized complete block (RCB). The controldiet contained 69.5% DCP, while in the other treatments fresh or ensiled WLPCP replaced DCP by 30% on a DM basis.There were no differences in DMI, ADG or carcass characteristics. However, feed efficiency was greater for lambs fedWLPCP compared with lambs fed DCP. In the digestibility trial, 16 Santa Ines ram lambs, canulated in the rumen, wereassigned to a RCB design. Animals were fed diets containing 85% of concentrate and 15% of sugarcane bagasse. The controldiet contained 75.3% DCP. A portion (30%) of the DCP DM was replaced by WLPCP, WLPCPS or WLPCPS+B. Therewas no difference in DM, organic matter or crude protein apparent digestibilities, except for neutral detergent fiberdigestibility. Additionally, ruminal ammonia concentration was higher in diets containing DCP compared with WLPCPSand WLPCPS+B. Nevertheless, no effects of treatments were seen on the other ruminal measures. Fresh or ensiled WLPCPcan partially replace DCP in rations with high level of concentrate for feedlot lambs.Key Words: byproducts, feedlot, pectin, Santa Ines, silage

Perfil de ácidos graxos e composição química do músculo longissimus dorsi de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo polpa cítrica

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of replacing corn by dried citrus pulp on chemical composition and fatty acids profile in longissimus dorsi muscle of thirty-two Santa Ines lambs, slaughtered at average weight of 33 kg at 141 days of age. Lambs were fed a 90% concentrate (ground corn and/or dried citrus pulp, soybean meal and minerals) and 10% coastcross hay (Cynodon spp) diet. Dried citrus pulp was added at 23.7, 46.1 and 68.4% of dry matter replacing corn by 33, 67 and 100%, respectively. Total replacement of corn by dried citrus pulp resulted in 177% increase in linolenic acid concetration (C18:3) while a partial replacement showed 72% increase in conjugated linoleic acid (C18:2 cis9 trans11). There was no change in total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration. However, the intramuscular fat content of longissimus muscle decreased as dried citrus pulp increased in the diet, with no effect on moisture, protein and mineral percentage. The replacement of corn by dried citrus pulp in the rations changes the quantity and profile of lipids in longissimus muscles of lambs.

Metabolismo de nutrientes em ovinos alimentados com casca de soja em substituição ao feno de coastcross

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of replacing coastcross hay (Cynodon sp.) by soybean hulls on nutrient apparent digestibility, ruminal measures and nitrogen metabolism. Sixteen ram lambs (40±5 kg of body weight) were housed individually in metabolism crates and assigned to a randomized completely block design. The experimental period consisted of 14 days; the first 10 days were used to adapt lambs to treatments and 4 other days for data collection. Animals were fed diets containing 50% concentrate and 50% roughage, both with the same amount of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Soybean hulls replaced coastcross hay by 0, 33, 67 or 100% in the dry matter. Dry matter (DM) intake and NDF showed quadratic effect when soybean hulls were added to the diet. However, DM and NDF digestibility increased, while short-chain fatty acids, acetate and propionate concentration did not change and ruminal pH and ammonia decreased. Partially replacing coastcross hay by soybean hulls increases DM intake and lowers ruminal pH without affecting DM or NDF digestibility.

Associação entre o óleo de soja e o óleo de peixe na dieta de cabras em lactação como estratégia para melhorar o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite

ABSTRACTThe aims in this experiment were to determine the effects of the association between soybean and fish oils on dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrient intake, body weight change, milk production and composition and milk fatty acid profile of dairy goats. The animals were housed in tie stalls and fed a 50% of coastcross hay and 50% concentrate diet. Nine multiparous crossbred Boer x Saanen goats were assigned in tree 3 X 3 Latin Squares. The experimental period lasted 51 days; divided into three periods of 17 days, being the first nine days used to adapt goats to diets and the 4 other days for data collection. Experimental diets were: a) control diet (CT) without oil; b) control diet supplemented with 3% of soybean oil (SO); and c) control diet supplemented with 2.5% of soybean oil plus 0.5% of fish oil (SO+F). DMI was negatively influenced by oil addition. However, feed efficiency was higher in diets with oils, maintaining similar milk production (P>0.05 for all comparisons). The supply of oils changed milk fatty acids profile (P<0.05), increasing the concentrations of medium and long-chain fatty acids and reducing short-chain. Milk from goats fed the SO+F diet had higher concentration of vaccenic (398%), rumenic acid (352%) and total CLA (341%). The results indicate that the oil supply increased the feed efficiency of goats, and that the combination of soybean and fish oils caused a higher elevation of fatty acids considered to have health benefits.