Fabiano Ferreira da Silva

Composição Corporal e Requisitos Energéticos e Protéicos de Bovinos Nelore, Não-Castrados, Alimentados com Rações Contendo Diferentes Níveis de Concentrado e Proteína

Forty Nellore bulls, with average initial live weight (LW) of 240 kg, were used. Four reference bulls and four bulls fed for maintenance were used, and the remaining was assigned to eight treatments, with four different concentrate levels in the diets (20, 40, 60 and 80%) and two (15 and 18%) levels of crude protein (CP). The protein, fat and energy contents retained in the body were estimated by regression equations of the logarithm of protein, fat or energy body content, as a function of the logarithm of empty body weight (EBW). By deriving the prediction equations of body content of protein, fat, or energy, as a function of the EBW logarithm, the net requirements of protein and energy, for gains of 1 kg EBW, were determined. The deriving equation was Y = b. 10a. Xb-1, being a and b intercept and regression coefficient, respectively, of the prediction equations of protein or energy body contents. Net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was estimated as the intercept anti-log of the equation obtained by linear regression among the logarithm of heat production and the metabolizable energy intake. The net energy requirement for weight gain of zebu bulls can be obtained by the equation: NEg = 0.0413 x EBW0.75 x gain of EBW0.978. The NEm for these animals was 83.70 kcal/EBW0.75. The following equation was obtained to estimate the retained protein (RP), as a function of EBW gain and retained energy (RE): RP = - 39.0169 + 200.638 gain of EBW + 0.4166 RE. The net protein requirement of Nellore bulls decreased as the LW increased, being 183.22 and 173.72 g/kg of EBW gain for animals with 200 and 400 kg of LW, respectively.

Comparação de Indicadores e Metodologia de Coleta para Estimativas de Produção Fecal e Fluxo de Digesta em Bovinos

It was aimed to compare the internal markers, indigestible neutral detergent (NDFi) and acid fiber (ADFi), and ADFi with oxide chromic to esteem the dry matter fecal production and nutrients digestibility of diets of bovine, in two outlines of collections (2 or 6 days). For the comparison among internal markers, 32 Nelore growing bulls, with 240 kg, were maintained under feedlot, receiving diets with different concentrate levels (20, 40, 60 and 80%). For the comparison among internal and external marker, five 165 kg Nelore growing bulls, rumen, abomasum and ileum fistulated, were used. The design was in blocks with four treatments and 5 collection periods. The treatments consisted of four concentrate levels (20, 40, 60 and 80%). The roughage used was Tifton 85 hay. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) was smaller, when was estimated by oxide chromic, however the DM digestibility in the rumen and intestines did not differ among markers. When the collection methodology was compared (6 days vs. 2 days), there was not difference in all the studied variables, demonstrating the suggested alternative methodology as soon as can be used with safety for the estimates of fecal production and DM flows in the abomasum and ileum.

Consumo, Desempenho, Características de Carcaça e Biometria do Trato Gastrintestinal e dos Órgãos Internos de Novilhos Nelore Recebendo Dietas com Diferentes Níveis de Concentrado e Proteína

Thirty six Nellore bulls, with 240 kg initial live weight (LW), were used and distributed in eight treatments, with four different concentrate levels in the diets (20; 40; 60 and 80%) and two crude protein (CP) levels (15 and 18%) with four reference bulls. After the slaughter, the carcass dressing percentage, the basic cuts percentages, the carcass length, the loin eye area, the subcutaneous fat thickness, and the carcass muscle, fat, bone, protein, ether extract, water percentages, the organs and visceral weight were evaluated. DMI in the growing phase, expressed in kg/day, was not influenced by the concentrate level, presenting mean value of 7.06. But the DMI, expressed as a percentage of the LW (% LW), in this phase, demonstrated maximum consumptions of 2.59% LW, with 42.60% of concentrate. In the fattening phase, the concentrate levels did not influence the DMI, in any of the expressed ways, with mean values of 7.16 kg/day and 1.80% LW. The increase in the diet CP level, from 15 to 18%, caused a significant increase in the growing phase DMI, but it did not influence the consumption in the fattening phase. LWG and FC were not influenced by the concentrate levels of the diet, independent of the studied phase. The diet with 18% of CP propitiated, to the bulls, 22% and 22.6% more LWG in the growing and in the fattening phases, respectively, compared to the diet with 15% of CP. In the growing phase, the diet concentrate levels did not influence the carcass dressing percentage; in the fattening phase, the increase in concentrate caused a linear increase in the carcass dressing percentage in relation to the LW. No effect was verified for concentrate level and CP level on the studied basic cuts, in both growing and fattening phases. The diet concentrate levels tended to arise fat and to diminish muscle in the carcass. In the fattening phase, the greatest CP level presented a carcass with larger muscle percentage and smaller fat percentage. In the growing phase, the kidneys, spleen, lungs, liver and the gastrintestinal tract constituents weights were not influenced by the diet concentrate and CP levels. In the fattening phase, the concentrate levels did not influence the organs and the CP level had a positive influence on the kidneys, lungs and liver weights. The rumen+reticulum, stomaches and GIT relative weights presented a linear decreasing behavior with the increasing concentrate levels. The CP level did not influence the GIT constituents weights in any of the expressed forms, in both phases.

Farelo de cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) e torta de dendê (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) na alimentação de cabras em lactação: consumo e produção de leite

The effects of replacing corn and soybean meal with cocoa meal (CF) or palm kernel cake (PKC) in the concentrate on milk intake and yield of goats were evaluated. Five Saanen goats, averaging 2 kg daily milk yield at 60 days of lactation, were assigned to a 5 x 5 Latin square experimental design. The experiment lasted 14 days, with 10 days for adaptation period and four days for sample collection. Diets contained: 36% of roughage (corns silage) and 64% of concentrate, dry matter basis, formulated toyield 13.2% of crude protein. The treatments were as follows: 0, 15 and 30% CF or PKC, all with concentrate (corn and soybean meal). Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total digestible nutrients, total carbohydrates and nonfiber carbohydrates intakes decreased as affected by the highest replacement level (30% CF). No significant differences on neutral detergent fiber and ether extract intake were observed. Acid detergent fiber intake differed only between 30% PKC and 30% CF-based diets, with 0.94 and 0.59% body weight, respectively. The 30% CF-based diet showed lower milk production value, as kg/dia (1.208 kg), but similar to 30% PKC-based diet, when corrected for 3.5% fat. Replacing corn and soybean with CF and PKC in the diet of lactating goats is viable up to 9.13 and 18.81% dry matter, respectively.

Suplementação a pasto: disponibilidade e qualidade x níveis de suplementação x desempenho

The objective was to evaluate the results of supplementation in the dry season of the year and the possible interference of the forage availability and quality and level of supplementation on performance. The total DM and green dry matter pasture availability deferred for use in the dry season has an average of all experiments of 6,431 kg ha-1 and 2,173 kg ha-1. The Brachiaria under grazing in the dry season have high levels of NDF, with an average of 74.50%, high levels of ADF, with an average of 44.19%, low levels of CP, with average of 5.59% and low levels of IVDM/O, with an average of 51.36%. In this sense, the diet taken by the animal usually presents higher crude protein and lower levels of NDF. On consumption in grazing, note that the intake reduction is limited by until the level of supplementation of 0.3% of body weight (BW) per day and when the consumption of supplement increases to levels above 0.3% of BW, the consumption of grass is low and that this decrease may be even greater when the supply of supplement is 0.8% of the BW. Supplementation of cattle provided larger gains than those receiving only mineral in the dry season. Must be guaranteed at least 4,500 kg DM total.ha-1, 1,200 kg.ha-1 of green dry matter, offering 10 to 12% of the BW offorage DM and 6% of DM potentially digestible to ensure selectivity and earnings satisfactory individual without compromising the gain per area. A supplementation in the dry season in Brachiaria is biologically feasible for positive effect on weight gain, but the economic viability of the system is location dependent. Supplementation levels above 0.8% of the BW should be investigated as alternatives that may avoid possible negative effects on the rumen environment to reduce the expectations of gain, as the fractionation of supplementation.

Morphogenesis of tanzaniagrass submitted to fertilization and cut intensities

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of different fertilization and cutting intensity combinations on morphogenic and productive characteristics of Panicum maximum Jaccq., cv. Tanzania in pots. Leaf appearance rate (LAR) and phyllochron were not influenced by cutting intensities. Plants fertilized with N, however, produced greater LAR and phyllochron, with 0.21, 0.20, and 0.19 leaf/day and 4.67, 5.03, and 5.43 day/leaf for N and K (NK), N and P (NP), and N, P and K (NPK) combinations, respectively. There was a significant interaction between fertilization and cutting intensity for leaf elongation rate, leaf final length, and pseudostem length, with higher elongation and lengths observed in fertilizer combinations that contained nitrogen. Only fertilization influenced the number of green leaves, senescent leaves, and dead leaves; nitrogen fertilizer combinations provided greater increase when compared to treatments without potassium e phosphorus (KP) fertilization. Tiller number was only influenced by fertilization, with greater response observed for N+P combination compared to other treatments. All the studied variables were influenced by fertilizer combinations that contained nitrogen, corroborating the relevance of N fertilization to forage biomass accumulation.

Digestibilidade aparente de dietas contendo farelo de cacau ou torta de dendê em cabras lactantes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes de dietas, contendo farelo de cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) ou torta de dende (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), em substituicao parcial ao concentrado a base de milho e farelo de soja, na alimentacao de cabras lactantes. Foram utilizadas cinco cabras da raca Saanen, aos 60 dias de lactacao, em experimento delineado em quadrado latino 5x5, com duracao de 14 dias, dos quais 10 dias de adaptacao e quatro para coleta dos dados. As dietas, formuladas para possibilitar producao de 2 kg de leite por dia, constituiram-se de 36% de volumoso e 64% de concentrado. Utilizou-se, como volumoso, a silagem de milho e concentrado padrao, com substituicao de 0%, 15% e 30% pelo farelo de cacau ou torta de dende. Houve reducao na digestibilidade real da proteina bruta, com a inclusao do farelo de cacau, a 15% e 30%. O coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente, do extrato etereo das dietas com 30% de torta de dende, foi maior que o de 15% de farelo de cacau. Os subprodutos, em razao da digestibilidade aparente, apresentam viabilidade de uso, como alternativa na dieta de cabras em lactacao.

Composição corporal e exigências energéticas e protéicas de bovinos F1 Limousin x Nelore, não-castrados, alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de concentrado

Fifty F1 Limousin x Nellore bulls were allotted to ten treatments, with five concentrate levels (25, 37.5, 50, 62.5, and 75%) and two diet protein balance methods (one isoprotein and the other changing protein as diet energy changed). The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were determined. After the slaughter, all animal body parts were weighed, sampled and DM, total nitrogen and ether extract concentrations were determined. Protein, fat and energy contents retained in the body were estimated by regression equations of logarithm of protein, fat or energy body content, as a function of logarithm of empty body weight (EBW). By deriving the prediction equations of body content of protein, fat, or energy, as a function of the logarithm of EBW, the net requirements of protein and energy, for gain of 1 kg EBW, were determined. The deriving equation was Y = b. 10a. Xb-1, where a and b were the intercept and regression coefficient, respectively, of the prediction equations of protein or energy body contents. Net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was estimated as the intercept anti-log of the equation obtained by the linear regression of the logarithm of heat production and the metabolizable energy intake. The diet balance methods did not influence the nutrients intakes. The DM intake (DMI) was not affected by the concentrate level (CL), with means of 7.39 kg/day. Dietary CL did not affect OM intake (7.08 kg/day). Increasing CL and NDF intake showed a linear decrease and TDN intake showed a linear increase. In diets with variable protein levels, CP intake increased linearly. Isoprotein diets were not affected by the CL (0.89 kg/day). Net energy requirement for weight gain of F1 Limousin x Nellore bulls, in Mcal/kg, can be obtained by the equation: NEg = 0.038 x EBW0.75 x EBW gain0.9896. The NEm for these animals was 76.36 kcal/EBW0.75. The following equation was obtained to estimate the retained protein (RP), in g/day, as a function of EBW gain, in kg/day: RP = 174.14524 x EBW gain.

Novilhas alimentadas com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar tratado com amônia anidra e, ou, sulfeto de sódio

Sixteen ½ Holstein/Indubrasil heifers, averaging 230 kg of live weight, housed in individual boxes, were allotted to a completely randomized design, with four treatments and four replicates, according to the following treatments: T1 - bagasse without treatment (control); T2 - bagasse treated with 2.5% Na2S; T3 - bagasse treated with 4% NH3 and T4 - bagasse treated with 2.5% Na2S + 4% NH3. All treatments were based on bagasse dry matter. Sugarcane bagasse was stored for 10 months e, after silo opening, animals were ad libitum fed, in the morning (7 a.m.), to obtain orts of approximately 10%, and all animals were fed 3.5 kg/head /day of concentrate with 19% crude protein. It was verified effect for daily and total weight gain, and the higher gains were observed for the treatments with NH3. The average values observed for daily weight gain were of 702, 684, 1026, and 1005 g/head, respectively, for the bagasse without treatment, treated with Na2S, treated with NH3 and treated with NH3 plus Na2S. DM intake, as a function of live weight, ranged form 1.92 (control) to 2.46% LW (NH3) and NDF intake ranged from 0.84 (control) to 1.14% LW (NH3).

Degradabilidade ruminal do feno de alguns alimentos volumosos para ruminantes

Avaliou-se a degradabilidade ruminal da materia seca (MS), proteina bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), da fibra em detergente acido (FDA) e hemicelulose dos fenos de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum), palma (Opuntia ficus), guandu (Cajanus cajan) e parte aerea da mandioca (Manihot esculenta) utilizando tres bovinos mesticos machos, castrados, canulados no rumen e mantidos em regime de pasto. Amostras de 4g de cada alimento foram incubadas em duplicata no rumen dos animais, nos periodos de 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 e 72 horas. A degradabilidade potencial da PB dos fenos de capim-elefante e guandu foi semelhante, 83,9 e 81,2%, respectivamente. Os maiores valores foram observados para os fenos de palma (94,2%) e parte aerea da mandioca (91,7%). A degradabilidade efetiva (DE) foi obtida considerando as taxas de passagem de 2, 5 e 8%/hora. A maior DE observada para MS (60,5%), PB (81,1%), FDN (21,6%), FDA (27,9%) e HEM (58,0%), na taxa de passagem de 5%/h, ocorreu com o feno de palma.