Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho

Valor nutritivo do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar amonizado com quatro doses de uréia

Oxa0objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composicao quimico-bromatologica e a digestibilidade inxa0vitro do bagaco de cana-de-acucar, submetido a amonizacao com ureia. Osxa0tratamentos constaram de quatro doses de ureia, adicionadas ao bagaco de cana-de-acucar, e adicao de 1,2% de soja como fonte de urease. Oxa0delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Oxa0bagaco foi armazenado em silos de PVC com capacidade para 5,3xa0L, que foram abertos depois de 110xa0dias de amonizacao. Com a adicao das doses de ureia ao bagaco, houve aumento linear nos teores de proteina bruta. Os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente acido, hemicelulose, celulose, lignina e carboidratos totais diminuiram, enquanto os teores de nitrogenio insoluvel em detergente acido, nitrogenio insoluvel em detergente neutro, carboidratos nao fibrosos, nitrogenio amoniacal e pH aumentaram, significativamente, com a adicao de ureia. Nasxa0doses avaliadas, a ureia adicionada ao bagaco promove aumento no conteudo dos compostos nitrogenados, diminuicao dos componentes fibrosos e aumenta a digestibilidade inxa0vitro da materia seca. Estimada pela equacao de regressao, a adicao de 2,62% de ureia ao bagaco de cana fornece o teor minimo de proteina bruta para o bom funcionamento do rumen.

Comportamento ingestivo de cabras leiteiras alimentadas com farelo de cacau ou torta de dendê

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos de diferentes niveis de farelo de cacau e torta de dende (0, 15 e 30%) em substituicao ao milho e farelo de soja no concentrado, sobre o comportamento ingestivo de cinco cabras Saanen, lactantes, nao prenhes, com peso corporal medio inicial de 41,6xa0kg, alojadas em baias individuais durante cinco periodos experimentais. Oxa0volumoso utilizado foi a silagem de milho, em proporcao de 40:60 (volumoso:concentrado). Distribuidos em um delineamento em quadrado latino 5x5, os animais foram observados em cada um dos cinco tratamentos, ao final de cada periodo experimental, durante 24xa0horas, a intervalos de 10xa0minutos. Nao houve diferenca entre os tempos de alimentacao, ruminacao e ocio. Embora os animais que receberam 30% de farelo de cacau tenham reduzido o consumo de materia seca (MS), a eficiencia alimentar (em g de MS/h e g de FDN/h) foi semelhante em todos os tratamentos. Noxa0entanto, a eficiencia de ruminacao (em g de MS/h e g de FDN/h) e a quantidade de MS e FDN (g/bolo ruminado) foram maiores nos animais com dietas de 30% de farelo de cacau. Oxa0tempo total de mastigacoes (h/dia), o numero de bolos ruminados (no/dia), o numero de mastigacoes mericicas (no/dia e no/bolo) e o tempo de mastigacoes mericicas por bolo (s/bolo) nao apresentaram diferencas significativas. Axa0inclusao de farelo de cacau ou torta de dende na dieta influenciou parâmetros do comportamento ingestivo.

Características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-tanzânia submetido a doses de fósforo e nitrogênio

The experiment was accomplished in a greenhouse from May to August of 2005, with the objective of to evaluate the effect of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization on morphogenetic and structural characteristicas of Tanzania grass. The morphogenetic evaluations included leaf appearance, leaf elongation rate, and stem elongation rate. The structural evaluations measurements were: number of leaves, number of green leaves, number of tillers per plant, and final leaf length. It was used a complete randomized experimental design in 4 x 2 factorial scheme, being four phosphorus doses (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg of P2O5/ha) and two doses of nitrogen (0 and 100 kg of N/ha), with four replicates. It was utilized pots with 6.3 liters capacity each, leaving four plants per pot after staging. The N and P combination affected leaf elongation rate, stem elongation rate, number of tillers per plant, and number of green leaves per tillers. Nitrogen supply had a positive effect on leaf appearance rate, number of leaves, and final leaf length of tanzaniagrass. The majority of the studied variables were affected by the use of phosphorus when associated to N fertilization.

Influência do nitrogênio e do fósforo na produção do capim-braquiária

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the DMxa0production, leaf:stem ratio, CP content and leaf and stem efficiency response to nitrogen of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. grass, fertilized with different N and P doses during the summer period. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with three replicates in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement,xa0composed byxa0four N doses (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha/year), using ammonium sulfate, and three P2O5 doses (0, 50 and 100 kg/ha/year), using super simple phosphate. The K amount applied was 40 kg/ha/year. The cuts (at 20 cm of the soil) were performed every 28 days, in a total of three cuts during the experiment. After each cut, fertilization was accomplished according to the treatment. N fertilization affected DM production, that showed maximumxa0values of 5,345.6 and 4,857.7 kg/ha of leaf and stem, respectively. Leaf:stem ratioxa0was greater (1.31) with 200 kg/ha N dose, independent of the phosphorus dose.xa0N fertilization had quadratic effect on CP content of the leaves and linear effect on CP content of the stem. P fertilization, however, had no effect on these variables.xa0The N efficiency of utilizationxa0had quadratic effect whenxa0increasing N doses were used. The point of maximum was 245.3 kg of N,xa0dose that providedxa018.84 kg of DM/kg of N.

Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar tratado com hidróxido de sódio

The experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of sugar-cane bagasse containing 60% dry matter submited to increasing sodium hydroxide concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% NaOH on a dry matter basis). NaOH was applied as a 2:1 water:NaOH solution, over different treatment times (1, 3, 5, and 7 days). Plastic pails with 10 L capacity were utilized and stocked in climatic chamber at 25oC constant temperature. The experimental treatments had no effect on the crude protein content of the sugar cane bagasse which averaged 1.6% CP. The dry matter content of the bagasse increased over of the days of treatment, without any effect of the NaOH solution concentration. Mean values for the bagasse neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents declined in response to NAOH solution concentration. NaOH treatment improved the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and sodium content of the bagasse. Time of treatment had no effect on these variables. The treatment of sugar cane bagasse with the NaOH solution improved its nutritive value in terms of its reduced cell wall constituents and increased IVDMD.

Morphogenesis of tanzaniagrass submitted to fertilization and cut intensities

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of different fertilization and cutting intensity combinations on morphogenic and productive characteristics of Panicum maximum Jaccq., cv. Tanzania in pots. Leaf appearance rate (LAR) and phyllochron were not influenced by cutting intensities. Plants fertilized with N, however, produced greater LAR and phyllochron, with 0.21, 0.20, and 0.19 leaf/day and 4.67, 5.03, and 5.43 day/leaf for N and K (NK), N and P (NP), and N, P and K (NPK) combinations, respectively. There was a significant interaction between fertilization and cutting intensity for leaf elongation rate, leaf final length, and pseudostem length, with higher elongation and lengths observed in fertilizer combinations that contained nitrogen. Only fertilization influenced the number of green leaves, senescent leaves, and dead leaves; nitrogen fertilizer combinations provided greater increase when compared to treatments without potassium e phosphorus (KP) fertilization. Tiller number was only influenced by fertilization, with greater response observed for N+P combination compared to other treatments. All the studied variables were influenced by fertilizer combinations that contained nitrogen, corroborating the relevance of N fertilization to forage biomass accumulation.

Aspectos metodológicos do comportamento ingestivo de cabras lactantes alimentadas com farelo de cacau e torta de dendê

The objective of this trial was to compare different time intervals of chewing activity observation on lactating Saanen goats receiving diets containing cocoa meal or palm cake. Five goats averaging 41.6 of body weight were housed in individual pens and fed a diet containing corn and soybean meal as concentrate or diets in which corn and soybean meal was partially replaced by 15 and 30% of cocoa meal or palm cake (% DM). A 5 x 5 Latin square with 13 days for adaptation and two days for data collection was used. Chewing activities included time spent eating, ruminating and idle. Intervals of 10, 15 and 20 minutes of chewing activity observation were compared against the standard approach: observation at every five minutes. Increasing levels of cocoa meal or palm cake in the diet did not significantly change chewing behavior at any time interval. No significant difference was observed on the mean time spent eating, ruminating and idle at the different time intervals indicating that chewing activity of dairy goats fed increasing levels of dietary cocoa meal or palm cake can be measured at every 20 minutes rather than at every five minutes intervals.

Digestibilidade aparente de dietas contendo farelo de cacau ou torta de dendê em cabras lactantes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes de dietas, contendo farelo de cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) ou torta de dende (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), em substituicao parcial ao concentrado a base de milho e farelo de soja, na alimentacao de cabras lactantes. Foram utilizadas cinco cabras da raca Saanen, aos 60 dias de lactacao, em experimento delineado em quadrado latino 5x5, com duracao de 14 dias, dos quais 10 dias de adaptacao e quatro para coleta dos dados. As dietas, formuladas para possibilitar producao de 2 kg de leite por dia, constituiram-se de 36% de volumoso e 64% de concentrado. Utilizou-se, como volumoso, a silagem de milho e concentrado padrao, com substituicao de 0%, 15% e 30% pelo farelo de cacau ou torta de dende. Houve reducao na digestibilidade real da proteina bruta, com a inclusao do farelo de cacau, a 15% e 30%. O coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente, do extrato etereo das dietas com 30% de torta de dende, foi maior que o de 15% de farelo de cacau. Os subprodutos, em razao da digestibilidade aparente, apresentam viabilidade de uso, como alternativa na dieta de cabras em lactacao.

Consumo, digestibilidade e pH ruminal de novilhos submetidos a dietas com tortas oriundas da produção do biodiesel em substituição ao farelo de soja

The experiment was conducted with four rumen canulated Holstein-Zebu steers, kept in individual pens and distributed in a 4x4 Latin square with repeated measures of time. The experiment lasted 88 days and the animals were fed Tifton-85 hay and concentrate ration with soybean meal or one of the following cakes: palm kernel, peanuts or sunflower, which constituted the four treatments. Intake, total apparent digestibility and rumen pH were evaluated. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intakes were lower (P 0.05). The total digestibility of nutrients was not affected by the diets (P>0.05). Rumen pH was not influenced by the diets; however, itxa0was affected by time of collection. Peanut and sunflower cake originated from the production of biodiesel can replace the soybean meal in the diet for steers. Total replacement of soybean meal with palm kernel cake decreased DM intake.

Fatty Acid Profile of Milk and Cheese from Dairy Cows Supplemented a Diet with Palm Kernel Cake.

Lipid supplements (oilseeds vegetables) are included in ruminant diet to increase its energy density and improve fatty acid composition of milk and consequently of fresh cheese. Milk and cheeses were evaluated from crossbred Holstein × Zebu, fed diets enriched with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% inclusion levels of palm kernel cake in concentrated supplement, which were supplied daily (3.0 kg). Milk and fresh cheese (p = 0.001) fatty acids C12:0 exhibited quadratic negative values. Milk fatty acids C13:0, C20:0, C18:2t10c12, and C20:2n-6 presented positive quadratic values. The milk C18:2n-6 decreased linearly and in fresh cheese exhibited an increasing linear effect (p = 0.016). However, the fatty acids grouped in milk fat were not affected. The medium-chain fatty acids varied negatively and quadratically (p = 0.045). There was no effect on milk and fresh cheese chemical composition (p > 0.05). The milk fat was increased (p = 0.0065) quadratically (minimum point of 24.7%). Thus, the addition of palm kernel cake to cow diets negatively altered the fatty acid profile, it raises the percentage of lauric (C12) and tridecanoic (C13) acids fat which is not beneficial to human health from a nutraceutical perspective, although it did not influence the atherogenicity index.