Faik Kantar

Sugar beet and barley yields in relation to inoculation with N2-fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria

Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in bioorganic fertilizers as part of sustainable agricultural practices to alleviate drawbacks of intensive farming practices. N2-fixing and P-solubilizing bacteria are important in plant nutrition increasing N and P uptake by the plants, and playing a significant role as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in the biofertilization of crops. A study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of two N2-fixing (OSU-140 and OSU-142) and a strain of P-solubilizing bacteria (M-13) in single, dual and three strains combinations on sugar beet and barley yields under field conditions in 2001 and 2002. The treatments included: (1) Control (no inoculation and fertilizer), (2) Bacillus OSU-140, (3) Bacillus OSU-142, (4) Bacillus M-13, (5) OSU-140 + OSU-142, (6) OSU-140 + M-13, (7) OSU-142 + M-13, (8) OSU-140 + OSU-142 + M-13, (9) N, (10) NP. N and NP plots were fertilized with 120 kg N ha−1 and 120 kg N ha−1 + 90 kg P ha- for sugar beet and 80 kg N ha−1 and 80 kg N ha−1 + 60 kg P ha−1 for barley. The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with five replicates. All inoculations and fertilizer applications significantly increased leaf, root and sugar yield of sugar beet and grain and biomass yields of barley over the control. Single inoculations with N2-fixing bacteria increased sugar beet root and barley yields by 5.6–11.0% depending on the species while P-solubilizing bacteria alone gave yield increases by 5.5–7.5% compared to control. Dual inoculation and mixture of three bacteria gave increases by 7.7–12.7% over control as compared with 20.7–25.9% yield increases by NP application. Mixture of all three strains, dual inoculation of N2-fixing OSU-142 and P-solubilizing M-13, and/or dual inoculation N2-fixing bacteria significantly increased root and sugar yields of sugar beet, compared with single inoculations with OSU-140 or M-13. Dual inoculation of N2-fixing Bacillus OSU-140 and OSU-142, and/or mixed inoculations with three bacteria significantly increased grain yield of barley compared with single inoculations of OSU-142 and M-13. In contrast with other combinations, dual inoculation of N2-fixing OSU-140 and P-solubilizing M-13 did not always significantly increase leaf, root and sugar yield of sugar beet, grain and biomass yield of barley compared to single applications both with N2-fixing bacteria. The beneficial effects of the bacteria on plant growth varied significantly depending on environmental conditions, bacterial strains, and plant and soil conditions.

Influence of Nitrogen Fixing and Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria on the Nodulation, Plant Growth, and Yield of Chickpea

ABSTRACT Drawbacks of intensive farming practices and environmental costs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers have renewed interest in biofertilizers. A study was conducted in order to investigate seed inoculation of chickpea with Rhizobium, N2-fixing Bacillus subtilis (OSU-142) and P-solubilizing Bacillus megaterium (M-3) in comparison to control and mineral fertilizer application in controlled environment and in field conditions in 2003 and 2004 in Erzurum (29° 55′ N and 41° 16′ E with an altitude of 1950 m), Turkey. In the controlled environment and in the field trials, single, dual, and triple inoculations with Rhizobium, OSU-142, and M-3 significantly increased all the parameters investigated (plant height, shoot, root and nodule dry weight, N%, chlorophyll content, pod number, seed yield, total biomass yield, and seed protein content) compared with the control treatment, equal to or higher than N, P, and NP treatments. In the field all the combined treatments containing Rhizobium were better for nodulation than the use of Rhizobium alone. However, nodulation by native soil Rhizobium population was increased in single and dual inoculations of OSU-142 and M-3. Significant increases of the seed yield under different inoculation treatments ranged between by 18.0% (Rhizobium) and 30.5% (Rhizobium + OSU-142 + M-3) over the control whereas N, P, and NP applications corresponded to increases of 27.0%, 11.1%, and 33.1%, respectively. In general, the increases in seed and total biomass yields were more pronounced in dual and triple inoculations. In conclusion, seed inoculation with Rhizobium, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium, especially dual and triple combinations, may substitute costly NP fertilizers in chickpea production even in cold highland areas such as in Erzurum.

Effect of N2-fixing bacterial inoculations on yield of sugar beet and barley

Drawbacks of intensive farming practices and environmental costs of N fertilizers have renewed interest in bio-fertilizers. This study was conducted in order to investigate the effectiveness of 7 N2-fixing bacterial isolates from various sources in sugar beet and barley production under field conditions in the higland plateau of Erzurum, Turkey (29° 55′ N and 41° 16′ E with an altitude of 1950 m) in 1999 and 2000. Seeds were inoculated with five bacterial strains of Bacillus; BA-140, BA-142, M-3, M-13, and M-58, a strain of Burkholderia (BA-7) and Pseudomonas (BA-8). The bacterial strains had been demonstrated to grow in N-free basal medium. The experiment also included applications of mineral nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and NP-fertilizer as well as a control treatment without inoculation and fertilizer application. Two years of trials under field conditions showed that seed inoculation with bacterial strains significantly affected yield, yield components, and quality parameters both in sugar beet and barley. On an average of both years, seed inoculation of sugar beet with BA-140, BA-142, M-58, BA-7, BA-8, M-13, and M-3 increased root yield by 13.0, 12.6, 10.5, 9.2, 8.1, 6.1, and 6.5% as compared to the control and sugar yield by 7.8, 6.3, 5.1, 4.0, 3.2, 2.3, and 5.3%, respectively. N, P, and NP applications, however, increased root yield up to 13.6, 5.3, and 21.4% and sugar yield by 6.1, 4.0, and 14.8%, respectively. Of the bacteria tested, BA-140 and BA-142 had yields equal to N application. All bacterial inoculations also gave higher seed and total biomass yields in barley than control plots. BA-140 and BA-142 were top yielding strains. In conclusion, bacterial seed inoculations especially with BA-140 and BA-142 may satisfy nitrogen requirements of sugar beet and barley under field conditions even in upland areas. Einfluss einer Saatgut-Inokulation mit N2-fixierenden Bakterien auf den Ertrag von Zuckerrube und Gerste In vorliegender Arbeit wird die Effektivitat von 7 N2-fixierenden Bakterienstammen bei Zuckerrube und Gerste unter Feldbedingungen des Hochlandes von Erzurum/Turkei (1950 m u. NN) in den Vegetationsperioden 1999 und 2000 gepruft. Das Saatgut wurde mit jeweils einem von funf Bacillus-Stammen sowie je einem Stamm von Burkholderia (BA-7) und Pseudomonas (BA-8) inokuliert. In vorausgegangenen Tests waren alle Stamme in der Lage, in einem N-freien Basalmedium zu wachsen. Zum Vergleich mit einer vollig unbehandelten Kontrollparzelle wurden Parzellen mit einer mineralischen N-, P- bzw. NP-Dungung versehen. Im Mittel beider Versuchsjahre steigerte eine Beimpfung des Saatgutes mit BA-140, BA-142, M-58, BA-7, BA-8, M-13 und M-3 den Rubenertrag um 13.0, 12.6, 10.5, 9.2, 8.1, 6.1 bzw. 6.5% und den Zuckerertrag um 7.8, 6.3, 5.1, 4.0, 3.2, 2.3 und 5.3% gegenuber der Kontrolle. N-, P- und NP-Mineraldungergaben steigerten den Rubenertrag um 13.6, 5.3 und 21.4%, den Zuckerertrag um 6.1, 4.0 und 14.8%. BA-140 und BA-142 waren die besten Bakterienstamme. Sie ermoglichten allerdings nur Rubenertrage, die mit der Mineral-N-Parzelle vergleichbar waren. Zusammenfassend scheinen Inokulationen mit BA-140 und BA-142 den N-Bedarf von Zuckerrube und Gerste unter Feldbedingungen im Raum Erzurum befriedigen zu konnen.

Tarla Şartlarında Soğuğa Dayanıklı Kuru Fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotiplerinin Belirlenmesi / Determination of Cold Resistant Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes Under Field Conditions

OZET: Fasulye dusuk sicakliklara oldukca hassas bir bitki olup, dusuk sicakliklarin fasulye verim ve uretimini sinirlandirmasi, iyi cikis yapabilen soguga toleransli ve verimli genotiplerin belirlenmesini gerekli kilmaktadir. Bu amacla tarla sartlarinda 1997 ve 1998 yillarinda yurutulen bu arastirmada, iki farkli tarihte (erken ve normal) ekilen 14 fasulye genotipinin soguga toleranslari ve verimleri incelenmistir. Beyaz testali ve dusuk tanin icerigine sahip genotipler, sicakligin dusuk oldugu erken ekimde renkli testali ve yuksek tanin icerigine sahip genotiplerden daha hizli cikis yapmislardir. Arastirmanin ilk yilinin erken ekim uygulamasinda fide cikisi devam ederken don zarari meydana gelmis ve kisa surede yuksek oranda cikis yapmis olan genotipler dondan daha fazla zarar gormuslerdir. Don olayinin goruldugu ve gelisme mevsiminin daha serin gectigi ilk yilda renkli testali genotipler, beyaz testali genotiplerden ortalama olarak daha yuksek tohum verimine sahip olmuslardir. Arastirmanin her iki yilinin erken ekim uygulamasinda da yuksek tohum verimine sahip olmasiyla dikkat ceken renkli testali 36 ve 569 nolu genotiplerin erken ekime ve dolayisiyla dusuk sicakliga diger butun genotiplerden daha toleransli olduklari sonucuna varilmistir. Beyaz testali genotipler dikkate alindiginda ise birinci yilin erken uygulamasinda yuksek tohum verimine sahip olmalariyla on plana cikan 339 ve 568 nolu genotiplerin diger beyaz testali genotiplerden daha umitvar olduklari saptanmistir. Anahtar kelimeler: Kuru fasulye, ekim zamani, soguga dayaniklilik, tanin, verim Determination of Cold Resistant Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes Under Field Conditions ABSTRACT: That beans are sensitive to cold temperatures limits yield and production of beans, which requires selection of the genotypes with a good emergence, cold tolerance and high yielding capability. In this study, cold tolerance during emergence and yield potential of 14 bean genotypes were investigated under field conditions at two different sowing dates (early and normal) in 1997 and 1998. The genotypes with white testa and low tannin content emerged faster than the genotypes with coloured testa and high tannin content at the early sowing date. In the first year of experiment, frost injury occured at the stage of seedling emergence of the early sowing date and higher frost injury was determined in faster emerging genotypes. In the first year, in which frost injury occured and cool conditions experienced, the genotypes with coloured testa had higher seed yields than those with white testa. It was concluded that two genotypes (AN. 36 and AN. 569) with coloured testa having high seed yields at the early sowing date of the both years were more tolerant to low temperatures than the others. As with the genotypes with white testa, genotypes AN. 339 and AN. 568 having high seeds yield at the early sowing date of the first year were more hopeful than the other genotypes with white testa. Key words: Dry beans, sowing date, cold tolerance, tannin, yield

Erzurum Ekolojik Koşullarına Uygun Erkenci ve Yüksek Verimli Kuru Fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotiplerinin Belirlenmesi / Determination of Early Maturing and High Yielding Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes Suitable for Erzurum Ecological Co

OZET: Serin iklim sartlari, dusuk sicakliklara butun gelisme donemlerinde hassas olan fasulyede uretimi sinirlayan en onemli faktordur. Erzurum ve benzer ekolojilerde, fasulyenin soguk ve don zararina maruz kalmadan gelisebilecegi donem kisa olup, bu tip bolgelerde garantili bir fasulye uretimi icin olgunlasma suresi kisa olan cesitlere ihtiyac duyulmaktadir. Bu calisma; Erzurum ekolojisine uygun, olgunlasma suresi kisa ve yuksek verimli yeni tescilli kuru fasulye cesitlerinin gelistirilmesi amaciyla yurutulmustur. Bu amacla, onceki calismalarda umitvar oldugu belirlenen 4 fasulye hatti (kayit no 114, 218, 473 ve 510), bolge icin tescil ettirilmis olan Aras-98 ve Yakutiye-98 cesitleri ile kiyaslamali olarak, Erzurum Merkez ve Pasinler olmak uzere iki farkli lokasyonda 2001 ve 2002 yillarinda olgunlasma suresi, verim ve verim unsurlari yonunden test edilmistir. Arastirma yillarinin ve lokasyonlarin ortalamasi olarak, 114 nolu hat tescilli cesitlerden 26 gun, diger hatlar ise 13-14 gun once oluma ulasmislardir. Diger taraftan, erkenci olan bu hatlarin tane verimi her iki lokasyonda da tescilli cesitlerden onemli seviyede yuksek olmustur. Arastirma sonuclari, erkenci ve yuksek verimli olan bu hatlarin, Erzurum ve benzer ekolojilere mevcut tescilli cesitlerden cok daha iyi adapte oldugunu ve sonbahar ilk donlarindan once olgunlasarak uretimi garanti altina alabilecegini ortaya koymustur. Anahtar kelimeler: Kuru fasulye, erkencilik, verim, verim unsurlari Determination of Early Maturing and High Yielding Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes Suitable for Erzurum Ecological Conditions ABSTARCT: Cool climatic conditions is one of the most important limiting factors in bean production. In cold conditions such as Erzurum, vegetation period is short and beans are exposed to frost. Thus, it is necessary to have early maturing bean cultivars for production in such ecologies. This study was conducted in order to develop new early maturing and high yielding dry bean cultivars suitable for Erzurum ecological conditions. In the study, 4 bean lines (record nu. 114, 218, 473 and 510) being hopeful in previous studies were tested for early maturity, yield and yield parameters compared with Aras-98 and Yakutiye-98 in Erzurum and Pasinler locations in 2001 and 2002. As an average of years and locations, 114 and other lines matured 26 and 13-14 days earlier respectively compared with the registered cultivars. On the other hand, these lines gave seed yields significantly higher than the registered cultivars in both locations. It was concluded that these early maturing and high yielding bean lines adapt better than the registered cultivars avoiding first autumn frosts in Erzurum and similar ecologies. Key words: Dry beans, earliness, yield, yield parameters

BAKLAGİLLERDE SİMBİYOTİK AZOT FİK5ASYONUNA ETKİ EDEN BAZI FAKTÖRLER / SOME FACTORS AFFECTING SYMBİOTİC NİTROGEN FtXAT10N İN LEGUMES

OZET : RhIzobium bakterisi arasinda tesis edilen ortak yasam neticesinde, havada serbest halde bulunan azot bitkinin istifadesine sunulmaktadir. Simbiyotik yolla baglanan bu azot tarimsal acidan buyuk bir kaynak olusturmakta, boylece bir taraftan azotlu gubre masraflarinin azaltilmasinda, diger taraftan mineral azotlu gubrelerin uretimi ve kullanimi sirasinda ortaya cikan cevre kirliligi probleminin giderilmesinde onemli bir alternatif olmaktadir. Ancak, simbiyotik yolla baglanan azot miktari uzerine sicaklik, toprak rutubeti, tuzluluk, toprak reaksiyonu, sus, konukcu ve besin elementleri gibi pek cok faktor etki etmekte ve bu faktorlere bagli olarak fikse edilen azot miktari onemli Olcude azalabilmektedir. Bu makalede, baklagil bitkilerinde simblyotik yolla fikse edilen azot miktari uzerine etki eden faktorler ana basliklar halinde sunulmustur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Simbiyotik azot fiksasyonu, flksasyona etki eden faktorler, baklagiller SOME FACTORS AFFECTING SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FtXAT10N IN LEGUMES SUMMARY : Atmospheric N is transferred to available forms for plants ovving to legume-/?A/zo£/tW7symbiosis. Symbiotically fbced N is of agrlcultural importance reducing N-production costs and environmental pollution. Hovvever, many factors afFect this symbiosis and eventual amount of N flxed. This vvork reviewed and highlighted recent studies on the factors afTecting symbiotic N nxalion. Key VVords: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation, factors afFecting nitrogen fbcation, legumes