Fakhrul Zaman Rokhani

Development and Evaluation of an Impedance Spectroscopy Sensor to Assess Cooking Oil Quality

When the cooking oil is used repeatedly, several unwanted substances are generated, which may cause health problems. This study was conducted to determine the possibility of using the impedance spectroscopy to differentiate among varying cooking oil quality at various intervals of heating time at constant temperature. The frequency has started from 100 Hz to 100kHz. Fresh, 10-hour, 20-hour, 30-hour, and 40-hour heated cooking oil was prepared by using lab oven at temperature of 180oC. In this study, a sensing probe was designed to measure the electrical properties of the oil samples. The oil samples were analyzed using a viscometer to measure the viscosity of the oil, a sensor to measure total polar compound (TPC), and an impedance probe connected to a LCR meter to measure the electrical properties of the oil. The measurements were analyzed and correlated with oil quality parameters obtained from a viscometer and a sensor of TPC. The discrimination between different heated hours of oil samples was examined and the results were compared to their physico-chemical properties such as viscosity and total polar compounds. The effect of heating of frying oils were successfully evaluated and discriminated using the impedance spectroscopy. Significant correlations (r -0.98472) were found between changes in total polar compound properties of oil and the impedance values.

Home appliances controller using wireless controller area network (WCAN) system

This paper presents a wireless remote controller in which providing a wireless sensing solution for home users to operate essential household appliances, ranging from simple lightings to sophisticated electronic devices. A wireless protocol based on wireless token ring protocol (WTRP) has been modified, yielding wireless controller area network (WCAN) data centric communications, which is then proposed to be applied in managing concurrency control of home appliances. WCAN is an adaptation of its wired cousin, controller area network (CAN) protocol which has not being properly defined. The wireless controller communicates with the standalone server which in turn communicates with the rest of sensing nodes through WCAN system. Each node will be receiving command from the standalone server and based on the message identifier, either executing the command or discarding it. WCAN has been chosen to become the backbone network of the system as it offers an alternative solution when industrial mobile stations under certain constraints should continue to use CAN protocol as frame exchange protocol.

Low-Power Bus Transform Coding for Multilevel Signals

This paper proposed a novel extension of bus-invert coding to handle 4-level pulse amplitude modulated (PAM-4) signals. A generalized mathematical model for energy consumption and energy dissipation for PAM-4 signals is presented and a family of coding schemes are developed that can reduce the average power consumption and dissipation by up to 54% compared to un-coded PAM-4 buses. This technique is attractive for high-speed data transmission systems that employ PAM-4 signals on general high capacitance buses such as global wires, off-chip buses, I/O and backplanes

Detecting sybil attacks in clustered wireless sensor networks based on energy trust system (ETS)

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are an emerging technology used in many applications in both the civilian and military domains. Typically, these networks are deployed in remote and hostile environments. They are vulnerable to various kinds of security attacks, of which sybil attacks are some of the most harmful. Thus, it is necessary to solve the problems related to sensor node constraints and the need for high WSN security. This paper proposes an energy trust system (ETS) for WSNs to effectively detect sybil attacks. It employs multi-level detection based on identity and position verification. Then, a trust algorithm is applied based on the energy of each sensor node. Data aggregation is also utilized to reduce communication overhead and save energy. We analyze the performance of the proposed system in terms of security and resource consumption using theoretical and simulation-based approaches. The simulation results show that the proposed ETS is effective and robust in detecting sybil attacks in terms of the true and false positive rates. By virtue of the application of multi-level detection, the proposed system achieves more than 70% detection at the first level, which significantly increases to 100% detection at the second level. Furthermore, this system reduces communication overhead, memory overhead, and energy consumption by eliminating the exchange of feedback and recommendation messages among sensor nodes.

An RF Energy Harvester System Using UHF Micropower CMOS Rectifier Based on a Diode Connected CMOS Transistor

This paper presents a new type diode connected MOS transistor to improve CMOS conventional rectifiers performance in RF energy harvester systems for wireless sensor networks in which the circuits are designed in 0.18 μm TSMC CMOS technology. The proposed diode connected MOS transistor uses a new bulk connection which leads to reduction in the threshold voltage and leakage current; therefore, it contributes to increment of the rectifiers output voltage, output current, and efficiency when it is well important in the conventional CMOS rectifiers. The design technique for the rectifiers is explained and a matching network has been proposed to increase the sensitivity of the proposed rectifier. Five-stage rectifier with a matching network is proposed based on the optimization. The simulation results shows 18.2% improvement in the efficiency of the rectifier circuit and increase in sensitivity of RF energy harvester circuit. All circuits are designed in 0.18 μm TSMC CMOS technology.

Crosstalk-Aware Multiple Error Detection Scheme Based on Two-Dimensional Parities for Energy Efficient Network on Chip

Achieving reliable operation under the influence of deep-submicrometer noise sources including crosstalk noise at low voltage operation is a major challenge for network on chip links. In this paper, we propose a coding scheme that simultaneously addresses crosstalk effects on signal delay and detects up to seven random errors through wire duplication and simple parity checks calculated over the rows and columns of the two-dimensional data. This high error detection capability enables the reduction of operating voltage on the wire leading to energy saving. The results show that the proposed scheme reduces the energy consumption up to 53% as compared to other schemes at iso-reliability performance despite the increase in the overhead number of wires. In addition, it has small penalty on the network performance, represented by the average latency and comparable codec area overhead to other schemes.

Bus Energy Consumption for Multilevel Signals

A comprehensive analysis of energy consumption for voltage-mode multilevel signals on a nanometer-technology bus is presented. A transition-dependent model is used which allows simplified calculation of the energy consumption. The accuracy of the approach is demonstrated using circuit simulations of three different electrical models of the bus, namely, lumped-C, distributed-RC, and distributed- RLC networks. We also verify that bus energy consumption is independent of driver resistance, as predicted by the model. Finally, we present a comparative analysis of power consumption for multilevel and binary buses.

FASTA-ELM

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is an interesting algorithm for learning the hidden layer of single layer feed forward neural networks. However, one of the main shortcomings restricting further improvement of ELM is the complexity of singular value decomposition (SVD) for computing the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse of the hidden layer matrix. This paper presents a new algorithm named fast adaptive shrinkage/thresholding algorithm ELM (FASTA-ELM) which uses an extension of forward-backward splitting (FBS) to compute the smallest norm of the output weights in ELM. The proposed FASTA-ELM algorithm is evaluated on face gender recognition problem using 5 benchmarked datasets. The results indicate that FASTA-ELM provides efficient performance and outperforms the standard ELM and two other variants of ELM in terms of generalization ability and computational time. Furthermore, the recognition performance of FASTA-ELM is comparable to other state-of-the-art face gender recognition methods.

Optimality of Bus-Invert Coding

Dynamic power dissipation on I/O buses is an important issue for high-speed communication between chips. One can use coding techniques to reduce the number of transitions, which will reduce the dynamic power. Bus-invert coding is one popular technique for interchip buses, where the dominant contribution is from the self-capacitance of the wires. This algorithm uses an invert line to signal whether the bus data are in its original or an inverted form. While the method appears to be a greedy algorithm, we show that it is, in fact, an optimal strategy. To do so, we first represent the bus and invert line using a trellis diagram. Then, we show that applying bus-invert coding to a sequence of words gives the same result as would be obtained by using the Viterbi algorithm, which is known to be optimal. We also show that partitioning an M-bit bus into P subbuses and using bus-invert coding on each subbus can be described as applying the Viterbi algorithm on a 2P-state trellis.

Analysis of the light dependent resistor configuration for line tracking robot application

Modern days, a robot can be designed based on human needs. In particular, the line tracking robot is a classic introductory robot design and needs minimal amount of material and cost. The aim of this project is to construct a robot that has capability to follow the white line placed on a horizontal smooth surface lighted by LED and the low cost light dependant resistor as the sensor. Rigorous analysis has been applied to determine the optimal configuration for the sensor on the mobile robot. Our findings show that angle of LDR of 30°, the distance between LDR and LED of 2.5cm and height of 2cm is the best configuration. The line tracking robot will detect the light intensity that is rebounded from the white color path.