Fernanda da Costa Oliveira

Psychometric assessment of the Brazilian version of the Male Body Dissatisfaction Scale

Background The study of male body image has increased substantially, but there are few assessment tools available for this population. The Male Body Dissatisfaction Scale (MBDS) has been widely used among students to research body image disturbances and eating disorders. However, the psychometric properties of this instrument have not been tested in the Brazilian context.Objectives To explore the psychometric properties (convergent validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and factor structure) of the Brazilian version of the MBDS.Methods Two-hundred sixty-four undergraduate students were evaluated. Pearson’s correlation was used to test the convergent validity of the MBDS and the Drive for Muscularity Scale, the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Eating Attitudes Test-26, and the Commitment to Exercise Scale. Test-retest reliability was evaluated using t-tests for repeated measures and by calculating the coefficient of intraclass correlation. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted, and Cronbach’s α coefficients were determined. A significance level of 5% was adopted.Results The MBDS had an adequate factor structure, with two factors explaining 52.67% of the total variance. It showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α between 0.90 and 0.92), a high intraclass correlation coefficient (0.81), and convergent validity with the drive for muscularity, the psychological commitment to exercise, low self-esteem, and eating disorder risk behaviour measures.Discussion The MBDS appears to be a valid and reliable tool for evaluating Brazilian male body image dissatisfaction.

BUSCA PELA "MUSCULARIDADE" E VARIÁVEIS ASSOCIADAS EM ADULTOS JOVENS

Introduction: Drive for muscularity seems to be associated with several variables that affect the health and quality of life of individuals. However, there is a lack of studies on the construct, a low number of specific measuring instruments, and few evaluations of males. Objectives: To evaluate the drive for muscularity and associate it with depressive symptoms, self-esteem, risk behaviors for eating disorders and the degree of psychological commitment to exercise. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 246 young male adults. Self-report instruments were used to assess the drive for muscularity (Drive for Muscularity Scale), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), risk behavior for eating disorders (Eating Attitudes Test-26), and the degree of psychological commitment to exercise (Commitment Exercise Scale). Pearson’s association test was used to verify the relationship between the study variables, and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (forward) to evaluate how much the study variables influence the drive for muscularity. Results: The drive for muscularity was associated with self-esteem (rpearson = 0.13; p<0.05), risk behavior for eating disorders (rpearson = 0.20; p<0.05) and the degree of psychological commitment to exercise (rpearson = 0.62; p<0.05). The degree of psychological commitment to exercise explained 38.4% of the total variance in the drive for muscularity, 12.3% of dissatisfaction with muscularity, and 51.0% of the muscularity-oriented behaviors. Conclusion: Drive for muscularity is associated with low self-esteem, risk behaviors for eating disorders and, in particular, with the degree of psychological commitment to physical exercise, which warn health professionals about the risks of excessive pursuit of the ideal hyper muscled body and deleterious behaviors to health resulting from this pursuit.

BÚSQUEDA POR LA "MUSCULARIDAD" Y VARIABLES ASOCIADAS EN ADULTOS JÓVENES

Introduction: Drive for muscularity seems to be associated with several variables that affect the health and quality of life of individuals. However, there is a lack of studies on the construct, a low number of specific measuring instruments, and few evaluations of males. Objectives: To evaluate the drive for muscularity and associate it with depressive symptoms, self-esteem, risk behaviors for eating disorders and the degree of psychological commitment to exercise. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 246 young male adults. Self-report instruments were used to assess the drive for muscularity (Drive for Muscularity Scale), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), risk behavior for eating disorders (Eating Attitudes Test-26), and the degree of psychological commitment to exercise (Commitment Exercise Scale). Pearson’s association test was used to verify the relationship between the study variables, and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (forward) to evaluate how much the study variables influence the drive for muscularity. Results: The drive for muscularity was associated with self-esteem (rpearson = 0.13; p<0.05), risk behavior for eating disorders (rpearson = 0.20; p<0.05) and the degree of psychological commitment to exercise (rpearson = 0.62; p<0.05). The degree of psychological commitment to exercise explained 38.4% of the total variance in the drive for muscularity, 12.3% of dissatisfaction with muscularity, and 51.0% of the muscularity-oriented behaviors. Conclusion: Drive for muscularity is associated with low self-esteem, risk behaviors for eating disorders and, in particular, with the degree of psychological commitment to physical exercise, which warn health professionals about the risks of excessive pursuit of the ideal hyper muscled body and deleterious behaviors to health resulting from this pursuit.

DRIVE FOR MUSCULARITY AND ASSOCIATED VARIABLES IN YOUNG ADULTS

Introduction: Drive for muscularity seems to be associated with several variables that affect the health and quality of life of individuals. However, there is a lack of studies on the construct, a low number of specific measuring instruments, and few evaluations of males. Objectives: To evaluate the drive for muscularity and associate it with depressive symptoms, self-esteem, risk behaviors for eating disorders and the degree of psychological commitment to exercise. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 246 young male adults. Self-report instruments were used to assess the drive for muscularity (Drive for Muscularity Scale), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), risk behavior for eating disorders (Eating Attitudes Test-26), and the degree of psychological commitment to exercise (Commitment Exercise Scale). Pearson’s association test was used to verify the relationship between the study variables, and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (forward) to evaluate how much the study variables influence the drive for muscularity. Results: The drive for muscularity was associated with self-esteem (rpearson = 0.13; p<0.05), risk behavior for eating disorders (rpearson = 0.20; p<0.05) and the degree of psychological commitment to exercise (rpearson = 0.62; p<0.05). The degree of psychological commitment to exercise explained 38.4% of the total variance in the drive for muscularity, 12.3% of dissatisfaction with muscularity, and 51.0% of the muscularity-oriented behaviors. Conclusion: Drive for muscularity is associated with low self-esteem, risk behaviors for eating disorders and, in particular, with the degree of psychological commitment to physical exercise, which warn health professionals about the risks of excessive pursuit of the ideal hyper muscled body and deleterious behaviors to health resulting from this pursuit.

Modelo etiológico de los comportamientos de riesgo para los trastornos alimenticios en adolescentes brasileñas del sexo femenino

The objective was to construct an etiological model of disordered eating behaviors in Brazilian adolescent girls. A total of 1,358 adolescent girls from four cities participated. The study used psychometric scales to assess disordered eating behaviors, body dissatisfaction, media pressure, self-esteem, mood, depressive symptoms, and perfectionism. Weight, height, and skinfolds were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (%F). Structural equation modeling explained 76% of variance in disordered eating behaviors (F(9, 1,351) = 74.50; p = 0.001). The findings indicate that body dissatisfaction mediated the relationship between media pressures, self-esteem, mood, BMI, %F, and disordered eating behaviors (F(9, 1,351) = 59.89; p = 0.001). Although depressive symptoms were not related to body dissatisfaction, the model indicated a direct relationship with disordered eating behaviors (F(2, 1,356) = 23.98; p = 0.001). In conclusion, only perfectionism failed to fit the etiological model of disordered eating behaviors in Brazilian adolescent girls.O objetivo foi construir um modelo etiologico dos comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares em adolescentes brasileiros do sexo feminino. Participaram 1.358 adolescentes de quatro cidades. Foram avaliados os comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares, insatisfacao corporal, pressoes midiaticas, autoestima, estado de humor, sintomas depressivos e perfeccionismo por intermedio de escalas psicometricas. Peso, estatura e dobras cutâneas foram aferidos para calcular o indice de massa corporal (IMC) e o percentual de gordura (%G). O modelo de equacao estrutural explanou 76% da variância dos comportamento de risco (F(9, 1.351) = 74,50; p = 0,001). Os achados indicaram que a insatisfacao corporal mediou a relacao entre as pressoes midiaticas, autoestima, estado de humor, IMC, %G e os comportamentos de risco (F(9, 1.351) = 59,89; p = 0,001). Vale destacar que embora os sintomas depressivos nao tenham se relacionado com a insatisfacao corporal, o modelo indicou relacao direta com os comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares (F(2, 1.356) = 23,98; p = 0,001). Concluiu-se que somente o perfeccionismo nao aderiu ao modelo etiologico dos comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares em adolescentes brasileiras.

Etiological model of disordered eating behaviors in Brazilian adolescent girls

The objective was to construct an etiological model of disordered eating behaviors in Brazilian adolescent girls. A total of 1,358 adolescent girls from four cities participated. The study used psychometric scales to assess disordered eating behaviors, body dissatisfaction, media pressure, self-esteem, mood, depressive symptoms, and perfectionism. Weight, height, and skinfolds were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (%F). Structural equation modeling explained 76% of variance in disordered eating behaviors (F(9, 1,351) = 74.50; p = 0.001). The findings indicate that body dissatisfaction mediated the relationship between media pressures, self-esteem, mood, BMI, %F, and disordered eating behaviors (F(9, 1,351) = 59.89; p = 0.001). Although depressive symptoms were not related to body dissatisfaction, the model indicated a direct relationship with disordered eating behaviors (F(2, 1,356) = 23.98; p = 0.001). In conclusion, only perfectionism failed to fit the etiological model of disordered eating behaviors in Brazilian adolescent girls.O objetivo foi construir um modelo etiologico dos comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares em adolescentes brasileiros do sexo feminino. Participaram 1.358 adolescentes de quatro cidades. Foram avaliados os comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares, insatisfacao corporal, pressoes midiaticas, autoestima, estado de humor, sintomas depressivos e perfeccionismo por intermedio de escalas psicometricas. Peso, estatura e dobras cutâneas foram aferidos para calcular o indice de massa corporal (IMC) e o percentual de gordura (%G). O modelo de equacao estrutural explanou 76% da variância dos comportamento de risco (F(9, 1.351) = 74,50; p = 0,001). Os achados indicaram que a insatisfacao corporal mediou a relacao entre as pressoes midiaticas, autoestima, estado de humor, IMC, %G e os comportamentos de risco (F(9, 1.351) = 59,89; p = 0,001). Vale destacar que embora os sintomas depressivos nao tenham se relacionado com a insatisfacao corporal, o modelo indicou relacao direta com os comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares (F(2, 1.356) = 23,98; p = 0,001). Concluiu-se que somente o perfeccionismo nao aderiu ao modelo etiologico dos comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares em adolescentes brasileiras.

Modelo etiológico dos comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares em adolescentes brasileiros do sexo feminino

The objective was to construct an etiological model of disordered eating behaviors in Brazilian adolescent girls. A total of 1,358 adolescent girls from four cities participated. The study used psychometric scales to assess disordered eating behaviors, body dissatisfaction, media pressure, self-esteem, mood, depressive symptoms, and perfectionism. Weight, height, and skinfolds were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (%F). Structural equation modeling explained 76% of variance in disordered eating behaviors (F(9, 1,351) = 74.50; p = 0.001). The findings indicate that body dissatisfaction mediated the relationship between media pressures, self-esteem, mood, BMI, %F, and disordered eating behaviors (F(9, 1,351) = 59.89; p = 0.001). Although depressive symptoms were not related to body dissatisfaction, the model indicated a direct relationship with disordered eating behaviors (F(2, 1,356) = 23.98; p = 0.001). In conclusion, only perfectionism failed to fit the etiological model of disordered eating behaviors in Brazilian adolescent girls.O objetivo foi construir um modelo etiologico dos comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares em adolescentes brasileiros do sexo feminino. Participaram 1.358 adolescentes de quatro cidades. Foram avaliados os comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares, insatisfacao corporal, pressoes midiaticas, autoestima, estado de humor, sintomas depressivos e perfeccionismo por intermedio de escalas psicometricas. Peso, estatura e dobras cutâneas foram aferidos para calcular o indice de massa corporal (IMC) e o percentual de gordura (%G). O modelo de equacao estrutural explanou 76% da variância dos comportamento de risco (F(9, 1.351) = 74,50; p = 0,001). Os achados indicaram que a insatisfacao corporal mediou a relacao entre as pressoes midiaticas, autoestima, estado de humor, IMC, %G e os comportamentos de risco (F(9, 1.351) = 59,89; p = 0,001). Vale destacar que embora os sintomas depressivos nao tenham se relacionado com a insatisfacao corporal, o modelo indicou relacao direta com os comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares (F(2, 1.356) = 23,98; p = 0,001). Concluiu-se que somente o perfeccionismo nao aderiu ao modelo etiologico dos comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares em adolescentes brasileiras.

Body-checking and its association with nutritional status in young adults

Background The body-checking is a frequent behavior observed in young adults. It is associated with body dissatisfaction and inappropriate eating attitudes. However, its association with nutritional status remains unclear. Objectives This study aimed to assess the association between body-checking behavior and nutritional status. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study with 587 (311 men) undergraduate students from the city of Juiz de Fora – Minas Gerais. The frequency of body-checking behavior was assessed by Body Checking Questionnaire and Male Body Checking Questionnaire; and inappropriate eating attitudes by Eating Attitudes Test-26. Body weight and height were self-reported. Descriptive, Chi-square test of association and Multiple Correspondence Analysis were done, adopting a statistical significant level of 5%. Results Association was found between body-checking behavior, nutritional status and gender (c2 (64) = 3219.88; p < 0.001). The Multiple Correspondence Analysis demonstrated association between the nutritional status categories low weight, eutrophia and overweight conjointly with low and moderate body-checking categories. Obesity and high body-checking, in turn, were inversely associated. Discussion There was an association between nutritional status and the frequency of body-checking behaviors in young adults of both genders. Body-checking is a behavior that deserves attention and monitoring in epidemiological and clinical practices.