Fernando César Ferraz Lopes

Capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), sob duas doses de nitrogênio. Consumo e produção de leite

The milk production, the dry matter intake (DMI) and the NDF passage rate in the gastrointestinal tract in four seasons (July, October, January and March), of crossbred cows, under grazing of elephant grass, submitted to two levels of nitrogen (300 and 700 kg N/ha•year) were estimated. The rotation grazing with three days of occupation and 30 days of resting, using 36 crossbred Holstein Zebu milking cows, in a stocking rate of 6 cows/ha, was used. The estimates of the intake and passage rate were determined only in 24 animals. For the extrusa collection, two esophageal fistulated cows were used. The intake was estimated using the fecal output: feed indigestibility ratio. The fecal output was estimated using the NDF of the extrusa marked with sodium dichromium fed in an unique dose. The total dry matter intake was not affected by the N levels and the year seasons, with average values of 10.9 and 10.5 kg DM/cow, for the levels of 300 and 700kg N/ha•year, respectively. However, the DM intake of the elephant grass was affected by N levels and year seasons, with reported values of 6.55 e 5.63 kg/cow•day, for the above described N levels, respectively. The elephant grass contributed with 26% of the total DM intake during the dry season (July/October) and its contribution increased up to 84% in the rainy season (January/March). The milk production was not affected by N levels, with reported average production of 11.6 and 12.3 kg/cow•day, for the levels of 300 and 700 kg N/ha•year, respectively.

Disponibilidade, composição bromatológica e consumo de matéria seca em pastagem consorciada de Brachiaria decumbens com Stylosanthes guianensis

The objective of this work was to evaluate the herbage availability, nutritive value, dry matter intake and grass and legume percentage in diet of crossbred Holstein-Zebu cows, in pasture with Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Stylosanthes guianensis var. vulgaris cv. Mineirao and tree legumes. To estimate the fecal output, it was used 10 g cow -1 day -1 of chromium oxide during ten consecutive days. Extrusa samples were used to determine the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility. B. decumbens availability varied with climatic conditions, while S. guianensis availability decreased linearly along the experimental period. Dry matter intake was higher in May/2001 (1.9% body weight) and did not differ among other months (1.5% body weight). Low dry matter intake values were related to low in vitro dry matter digestibility coefficients (42.1% to 48.0%) and high neutral detergent fiber content (70.2% to 79.4%). Dry matter intake was directly related to legume percentage in the pasture. This observation could indicate the potential of mixed pasture for improving nutritive value in dairy cattle diet.

Adaptabilidade e estabilidade em cultivares de sorgo

Information about cultivars behavior obtained from only one local and year may not be enough for a cultivar recommendation due to the genotype x environment interaction occurrence. Then, cultivars indication based on stability and repeatability is more consistent because it enables previewing theirs performance under many environments. This work studied the adaptability and repeatability of dry matter production of seven sorghum cultivars to be used as silage. Data came from two sites (Coronel Pacheco and Lavras, Minas Gerais) and were obtained during two years (1997/98 and 1998/99) using a casual block with three replications design. Cultivar AG 2002 was recommended because showed the best productivity, good performance preview and was the cultivar that approached more to the ideal standard. Also, Volumax cultivar may be recommended due to its good performance when growing in favorable environments.

Disponibilidade de matéria seca, composição química e consumo de forragem em pastagem de capim-elefante nas estações do ano

The study was carried out on elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) pasture, from February 1999 to November 2001, in order to evaluate the dry matter (DM) availability, observing the height of the stubble; chemical composition; in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and dry matter intake (DMI), using Holstein x Zebu lactating cows, during different seasons of the year. The paddocks were managed in a rotational grazing system, with 30 days of resting period and three days of occupation. Nutritive value and DM availability were monthly evaluated and the DMI was measured ten times during the experimental period. During dry season, cows were supplemented with corn silage during the milking intervals. The highest DM availability was estimated in December (3,402kg/ha). From May to September, values ranged from 558 to 1,122kg/ha, showing the strong seasonality on DM production. Means of crude protein and IVDMD did not differ among summer, autumn, and spring, but were lower during the winter. Means of neutral detergent fiber were lower in summer, autumn, and spring and higher during the winter. The pasture DMI were higher in summer, autumn, and spring and lower in the winter, due to low availability of elephantgrass. However, total DMI did not differ among seasons due to the corn silage supplementation during the winter season.

Efeito da suplementação e do intervalo de pastejo sobre a qualidade da forragem e consumo voluntário de vacas Holandês × Zebu em lactação em pastagem de capim-elefante

Mean daily dry matter intake of elephantgrass (DMI) (Pennisetum purpureum, Schumack) in a rotational grazing with lactating Holstein × Zebu cows was estimated in a trial carried out from February to September. The pasture was divided into paddocks and grazed for three days by 24 cows randomly allotted to four treatments. The treatments consisted on grazing intervals of 30 days, and concentrate (2kg/cow/day) and grazing intervals of 30, 36 or 45 days without concentrate. From February to May the elephantgrass was the only roughage, but from June to September (dry season) the cows were fed on chopped sugarcane plus 1% urea. DMI was estimated monthly using the extrusa in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and the fecal output (chromium oxide). The average chemical composition of extrusa was generally similar (P>.05) among grazing intervals (6.1 to 18.2% of CP; 63.5 to 81.4% of NDF; 32.7 to 47.6% of ADF and 43.7 to 72.9% of IVDMD). The CP content of extrusas decreased and the NDF and ADF contents increased (P .05) among grazing intervals. During the dry season cows fed on treatments without concentrate the DMI varied from .39 to 2.2%BW and its contribution to total DM intake decresead from 52% in the first to 43% in the third day of paddock occupation. Sugarcane intake effectively minimized the effects of the low pasture intake in the dry season.

Degradabilidade in situ da cana-de-açúcar tratada ou não com óxido de cálcio, em novilhas leiteiras Holandês x Gir

In situ degradability of sugarcane in natura or added to different levels of calcium oxide (CaO) in fed diet, 0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0% for 24 h in five Holstein x Gyr heifers, fitted with a rumen cannula.The parameters of rumen degradation of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were estimated by adjusting non-linear model to data degradation, and used the parameters obtained in regression analysis, linear and quadratic performed according to the level of inclusion of calcium oxide in diets.The potential and effective degradability, as well as the degradation rates of DM and OM were lineraly enhanced with the increasing of the CaO levels in diet. The increasing levels of CaO in sugarcane diets offered to Holstein x Gyr dairy heifers lead to a linear enhancement of in situ degradability of DM and OM, but does not affect the in situ degradability of fiber fractions.

Óxido de cromo e n-alcanos na estimativa do consumo de forragem de vacas em lactação em condições de pastejo

Foram avaliadas as tecnicas do oxido de cromo/digestibilidade in vitro e dos pares de n-alcanos (C31:C32 e C33:C32) na estimativa do consumo de materia seca (CMS) por vacas Holandes x Zebu em lactacao em pastagem de capim-elefante cv. Napier. As extrusas foram obtidas utilizando-se uma vaca com fistula esofagica. Realizaram-se coletas de fezes duas vezes ao dia, diretamente no reto dos animais, durante nove dias em cada periodo experimental. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas divididas. Ambos os pares de n-alcanos possibilitaram estimativas de consumos semelhantes, independentemente do horario de coleta (manha e tarde), sugerindo que uma unica coleta de fezes por dia seria suficiente. Quando o estudo foi realizado utilizando-se o valor medio das duas coletas, todas as metodologias diferiram entre si. O Cr2O3/DIVMS forneceu valores de CMS que podem ser considerados mais adequados, pois foram mais proximos daqueles estimados para forragem consumivel (2,6% PV) e dos valores das tabelas de exigencias do NRC (2001) (2,7% PV). Alem disso, essa tecnica apresentou vantagens quanto a simplicidade dos procedimentos analiticos e ao baixo custo.

Influência de estratégias de manejo em pastagem de capim-elefante na produção de leite de vacas Holandês x Zebu

The objective of this trial was to study the effect of different strategies of grazing management on milk production of cows on elephantgrass pastures. The treatments were: 30 days of grazing interval (GI) and fertilized monthly (30MF); 30 days GI and fertilized every two months (30BM); 45 days GI and a stubble height of 90-100cm (45HS); 45 days GI and a stubble height of 40-50cm (45LS). In treatments 30MF and 30BM the stubble height was 90-100cm. Each paddock was grazed for three days. Twenty four Holstein ´ Zebu cows were allocated to treatments (six/treatment). The area was divided into 108 paddocks, 64 of 417m2 each for the two 45 days GI treatments (16 paddocks/area replication). Others 44 paddocks of 606m2 each, were allocated for the two 30 days GI treatments (11paddocks/area replication). The stocking rate was 4.5 cows/ha. The pasture was fertilized with 200kg/ha/year of N and K2O, 40kg/ha of P2O5 and 1,000kg/ha of limestone. The average fat corrected (4%) milk yields were 10.3, 10.5, 9.3 and 9.2kg/cow/day for treatments 30MF, 30BM, 45HS and 45LS, respectively. There was a significant milk yield difference (P<0.05) between the 30 and 45 day-resting periods.

Milk production, milk composition, intake and digestibility of tropical forages under intermittent grazing system

The objective of the study was to compare chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), of leaves, stems and hand plucked samples, as well as milk yield and composition, body weight variation, body condition score and dry matter intake of three grasses. The treatments were: tanzania grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.), stargrass (Cynodon nlenfuensis Vanderyst) and marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha Staf). All grasses were fertilized with 200 kg/ha.year N and K2O and 50 kg/ha.year of P2O5. Pastures were managed in a rotational grazing system with three-day paddock occupation and two grazing intervals: January and February with 24 days and March, April and May with 30 days. There were 24 cows, eight per treatment. A complete randomized block design was used. The stargrass leaves had 18.5% crude protein (CP) and 79.9% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on the stems, respectively, which were higher than the other grasses. Stargrass also had higher NDF (72.8%) and lignin (7.1%) in hand plucked samples. The marandu in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) (64%) was higher than that of stargrass (59.4%). The treatments were different for milk yield and the mean (9.8) for tanzania and marandu grasses were higher than the 8.4 kg/cow.day for stargrass. Milk protein of cows managed on tanzania grass (2.9%) was higher than that of (2.8%) of stargrass. There was no treatment difference for milk fat, total solids, body condition, body weight and feed intake. Stargrass had higher NDF and lignin, however lower IVDMD and milk yield in relation to tanzania and marandu grasses.

Valor nutricional do triticale (X Triticosecale Wittimack) para uso como silagem na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais

The effects of cutting age of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittimack) on its nutritional value, fermentation patterns, and quality of its silage were evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replications. Cutting ages were 83, 90, 97, 104, 111, and 118 days after sowing. There was an increase of 0.26 and a decrease of 0.12 percent unit on dry matter and crude protein contents, respectively, for each additional day in the cutting age. The highest values of dry matter were observed in plants cut at 104 and 118 days. It was observed a 0.03 percent unit decrease in the silage pH for each additional day in the cutting age. The lowest pH values and the lowest ammoniacal nitrogen concentration were observed from 97 to 118 days. The in situ ruminal degradation parameters of fresh forage ranged from 82.2 to 91.7% (potential degradability), from 1.9 to 3.3%/h (degradation rate), and from 40.5 to 52.9% (effective degradability under 5%/h of passage rate). When triticale was growth under irrigation in Zona da Mata during the winter and cut for silage, the best fermentation was observed at the plant ages of 104 and 111 days. At the age of 83 days, the plants showed good nutritional value to be grazed or fed as fresh cut to the animals.