Fernando Kuss

Carcass Traits of Young Red Angus Steers Slaughtered with Different Weights

The carcass quantitative characteristics of feedlot finished Red Angus steers, with initial age of eight months and 189 kg, slaughtered with 340, 370, 400 or 430 kg (SW), were evaluated. The number of days to reach the respective weight was 114, 144, 173 and 213 days. The diet contained 13.13% crude protein, 2.7 Mcal digestible energy/kg DM and a roughage:concentrate ratio of 56:44. Carcass dressing percentage and conformation were not affected by the slaughter weight. The saw cut weight although increasing linearly in weight (91.73; 103.26; 106.20 and 116.66 kg) as the slaughter weight increased, declined linearly when expressed in relation to cold carcass weight. Side cut percentage showed the highest increase (23.36; 25.40; 28.50 and 35%) as the slaughter weight increased, following the increase of subcutaneous fat thickness (3.91; 6.16; 6.16 and 9.58 mm). The Longissimus dorsi muscle (LMA) increased linearly as the slaughter weight increased (LMA = 27.48 + 0.083SW) while the LMA/100 kg of cold carcass weight declined linearly (LMA/100 kg carc. = 45.14 - 0.0425SW). According to the regression equation the minimum subcutaneous fat thickness required by the slaughter weights (3 mm) would be reached at 327 kg of live weight. Considering the minimum carcass weight of 180 kg, it would be reached with the slaughter weight of 337 kg. Using Red Angus breed to produce steers to be slaughtered at young age the slaughter weight should not surpass 400 kg, in order to not exceed the 6 mm of subcutaneous fat thickness, to avoid the carcass trimming for fat excess.

Órgãos internos e trato gastrintestinal de novilhos de gerações avançadas do cruzamento rotativo entre as raças Charolês e Nelore terminados em confinamento

The objective of this trial was to investigate the effect of heterosis and genetic group on the yield and weight of internal organs and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of feedlot purebred (Charolais C and Nellore N) and crossbred steers from second (G2) (¾C ¼N and ¾N ¼C), third (G3) (5/8C 3/8N and 5/8N 3/8C) and fourth (G4) (11/16C 5/16N and 11/16N 5/16C) generations of rotational crossbreeding slaughtered at 23 month of age. Crossbred steers from G2, G3 and G4 had, respectively, 14.95, 17.25 and 18.46% higher empty body weight (EBW) than that from purebred animals. A positive heterosis for cold carcass yield expressed as a proportion of EBW (CCYEBW) was observed in G2, G3, and G4. Weights of heart, lungs, and kidneys adjusted for EBW were lower on crossbred compared to purebred steers; the heterosis was significant for the weights of heart (-18.29%) and kidneys (-14.29%) in G3 and for that of lungs (-13.45%) in G4. Weights of all organs of the GIT either expressed as 100 kg of EBW or as proportion of slaughter body weight (SBW) were lower on crossbred than on purebred steers with the exception of rumen weight in G2. Retained heterosis was positive and significant for EBW, CCYEBW and liver weight. However, it was negative for amount of blood and weights of heart and small plus large intestines when expressed as 100 kg of EBW and SBW. Within purebred animals, N showed greater CCYEBW (61.64%) than C (57.09). Conversely, weights of rumen, abomasum, small plus large intestine, and GIT were all higher on C than N steers; excepting for small plus large intestine, the same was observed when weights of the remaining GIT components were expressed as proportion of EBW and SB. These differences partially explain the increased carcass yield on N steers.

Sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária: desempenho e qualidade da carcaça de novilhos superprecoces terminados em pastagem de aveia e azevém manejada sob diferentes alturas

O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade da carcaca de novilhos superprecoces submetidos a alturas de manejo do pasto de aveia e azevem (10, 20, 30 e 40cm), suplementado no terco final do ciclo de pastejo. Animais jovens com idade media de dez meses e peso inicial de 190kg foram distribuidos num delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com tres repeticoes. As ofertas de forragem para os tratamentos 10, 20, 30 e 40cm foram respectivamente, 8,8, 14,7, 29,0 e 48,9kg de materia seca 100kg de peso vivo-1 (PV). O ganho de peso por hectare foi superior nos tratamentos com menor altura, em decorrencia da maior carga animal, sendo obtidos para 10, 20, 30 e 40cm de altura ganhos por area de 529,7, 489,5, 320,9 e 201,6kg de PV ha-1, respectivamente. O ganho medio diario e peso ao abate apresentaram resposta quadratica (P 0,05). Novilhos superprecoces atingiram peso de abate e grau de acabamento adequados quando terminados em pastagem cultivada de inverno e suplementados no terco final do ciclo de pastejo. O melhor ganho medio diario foi obtido em altura entre 25 a 30cm, e maior producao por area quando a pastagem foi manejada a 10cm de altura.

Características da carcaça de vacas de descarte de diferentes grupos genéticos terminadas em confinamento com distintos pesos

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the carcass characteristics of crossbred cull cows, from the second (G2- 3/4Charolais (C) Nellore (N) and 3/4NC) and third (G3-5/8CN and 5/8NC) generations of Charolais - Nellore rotational crossbreeding, feedlot finished and slaughtered with 465, 507 and 566 kg. At the beginning of the experiment the average age, weight and body condition were, respectively, 8.5 years, 388.6 kg and 2.35 points. The diet, with 48:52 roughage:concentrate ratio, contained 12.5% crude protein and 2.99 Mcal of digestible energy per kg of dry matter. Cows slaughtered with 566 kg produced heavier carcasses (318.5 kg), higher dressing percentage (56.24%) and subcutaneous fat thickness (7.54 mm) than cows slaughtered with 465 kg (245.0 kg, 52.71% and 4.72 mm, respectively) or 507 kg (264.6 kg, 52.12% and 4.4 mm, respectively). The increase of slaughter weight (465, 507 and 566 kg) did not alter the sawcut percentage (51.17, 50.64 and 50.63%), reduced the forequarter (36.93, 37.26 and 35.23%) and increased the sidecut percentage (11.9, 12.09 and 14.14%), respectively. For the measurements related to the carcass muscular expression, conformation was improved by slaughter weight increase (8.13, 9.47 and 10.9 points), respectively. Cushion thickness increased significantly when slaughter weight raised from 465 to 507 kg and Longissimus dorsi muscle area increased only in cows with the highest slaughter weight. The 3/4CN cows showed higher sidecut and lower forequarter percentages in relative to 3/4NC cows.

Composição física da carcaça e qualidade da carne de vacas de descarte de diferentes grupos genéticos terminadas em confinamento com distintos pesos

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the carcass physical composition and meat quality of crossbred cull cows, from the second (G2- 3/4Charolais (C) Nellore (N) and 3/4NC) and third (G3 - 5/8CN and 5/8NC) generations of Charolais - Nellore rotational crossbreeding, feedlot finished and slaughtered at 465, 507 and 566 kg. At the beginning of the experiment, the average age, weight and body condition were, respectively, 8.5 years, 388.6 kg and 2.35 points. The diet, with 48:52 roughage:concentrate ratio, contained 12.5% crude protein and 2.99 Mcal of digestible energy per kg of dry matter. Carcass bone (16.55, 15.84 and 12.72%) and muscle percentages (63.5, 60.05 and 60.69%) decreased, whereas fat percentage increased (19.85; 24.32; 28.08%, respectively) as slaughter weight increased. The weight gain of the carcass edible portion between the extreme slaughter weights was 77.36 kg, being 37.32 kg of muscle (48.24%) and 40.04 kg of fat (51.76%). Meat tenderness evaluated by shear force, was significantly improved in animals slaughter at higher weight (4.94, 4.89 and 3.89 kgf/cm3, respectively). Meat color of 5/8NC cows was darker (2.87 points) in relation to 5/8CN cows (4.0 points). Meat of G3 animals was tender than G2 (4.16 vs 4.99 kgf/cm³). Higher juiciness was observed for 5/8NC meat than for 5/8CN (6.49 vs 4.16 points), as result of lower cooking loss of 5/8NC meat (17.61% vs 23.33%). Increasing cull cows slaughter weight is a method to increase rapidly beef meat production, inclusively improving their quality.The objective of this trial was to evaluate the carcass physical composition and meat quality of crossbred cull cows, from the second (G2- 3/4Charolais (C) Nellore (N) and 3/4NC) and third (G3 - 5/8CN and 5/8NC) generations of Charolais - Nellore rotational crossbreeding, feedlot finished and slaughtered at 465, 507 and 566 kg. At the beginning of the experiment, the average age, weight and body condition were, respectively, 8.5 years, 388.6 kg and 2.35 points. The diet, with 48:52 roughage:concentrate ratio, contained 12.5% crude protein and 2.99 Mcal of digestible energy per kg of dry matter. Carcass bone (16.55, 15.84 and 12.72%) and muscle percentages (63.5, 60.05 and 60.69%) decreased, whereas fat percentage increased (19.85; 24.32; 28.08%, respectively) as slaughter weight increased. The weight gain of the carcass edible portion between the extreme slaughter weights was 77.36 kg, being 37.32 kg of muscle (48.24%) and 40.04 kg of fat (51.76%). Meat tenderness evaluated by shear force, was significantly improved in animals slaughter at higher weight (4.94, 4.89 and 3.89 kgf/cm3, respectively). Meat color of 5/8NC cows was darker (2.87 points) in relation to 5/8CN cows (4.0 points). Meat of G3 animals was tender than G2 (4.16 vs 4.99 kgf/cm³). Higher juiciness was observed for 5/8NC meat than for 5/8CN (6.49 vs 4.16 points), as result of lower cooking loss of 5/8NC meat (17.61% vs 23.33%). Increasing cull cows slaughter weight is a method to increase rapidly beef meat production, inclusively improving their quality.

Aspectos quantitativos de carcaças de bovinos de diferentes raças, alimentados com diferentes níveis de energia

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the carcass quantitative characteristics of feedlot finished steers, slaughtered at 13-14 months of age. Sixteen calves with nine months of age and average initial weight of 220 kg, being eight Aberdeen Angus - AA and eight Hereford - HE, were used. The animals were submitted to two levels of energy, 3.07 or 3.18 Mcal/kg of DM. The complete randomized experimental design was used, with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (two breeds vs. two energy levels). Corn silage with 36% of grain in DM was used as roughage. In the treatments with the lower energy level, the concentrate level was 12% and in the higher energy level, 32% of the diet DM. The animals were slaughtered when the average estimated carcass weight reached 190 kg. The AA animals showed higher hot carcass dressing percentage (54.95 vs. 53.75%), higher leg length (64.12 vs. 62.12 cm) and larger Longissimus muscle area per 100 kg of carcass (29.31 vs. 27.41 cm2). The animals fed higher energy level in the diet showed higher leg length (71.75 vs. 64.50 cm) and better carcass conformation score (11.25 vs. 10.12 points). Significant interaction between breed and energy level was observed for subcutaneous fat thickness, and the higher fat thickness was observed for the carcasses of HE animals, that were fed the lowest energy level.

Componentes não-integrantes da carcaça de novilhos não-castrados ou castrados terminados em confinamento e abatidos aos 16 ou 26 meses de idade

The non-carcass components of castrated and non-castrated cattle (sex condition) finished in feedlot and slaughtered at 16 (super young) or 26 (young) months of age (animal category) were evaluated. The diet was formulated to contain 11.8% of CP and 2.83 Mcal/kg DM of DE with 50:50 forage to concentrate ratio (%MS). Super young animals showed higher of empty body dressing percentage (92.39 versus 89.76%), as a result of their lower gastrointestinal content (35.23 versus 53.46 kg) as compared to the young animals. Non-castrate animals showed higher head weight (13.84 versus 12.35 kg), feet (11.12 versus 8.96 kg) and rawhide (46.44 versus 37.71 kg) as compared to castrate animals, which are related to their higher body weight (541.26 versus 445.47 kg). There was influence of animal category x sex condition interaction on absolute weight of vital organs (heart, liver and lungs) and the gastrointestinal tract components (GIT). The total weight of vital organs and GIT was higher in non-castrate animals, but not significant when adjusted for empty body weight and slaughter weight. Super young animals showed higher absolute internal fat weight (25.91 versus 20.13 kg) and hot fat trim (13.96 versus 10.98 kg). The castration of animals resulted in higher participation of internal fat calculated on empty body weight and slaughter weight.

Nível de concentrado, variedade da silagem de sorgo e grupo genético sobre a qualidade da carcaça e da carne de novilhos confinados

This work was conducted with the objective to study three concentrate levels in the diet in combination with silage of two sorghum silage hybrids, on the carcass and meat quality of crossbred steers with Charolais or Nellore predominance. Sixty animals were finished in feedlot from 20 to 22 months, with 322 kg of initial weight, and were allotted to completely randomized design 3 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme, according to three concentrate levels (25, 35 and 45% of the diet dry matter), silage of two sorghum silage hybrids (forage and double purpose sorghum) and two genetic groups. The interaction was significant between sorghum hybrid and genotype for thawing loss characteristic. Steers fed double purpose sorghum silage showed meat with better flavor (6.37 ± 0.14 vs 5.74 ± 0.14 points), lower cooking loss (26.7 ± 0.8 vs 29.2 ± 0.8%) and meat of worse coloration (3.49 ± .15 vs 4.00 ± .15 points) than those fed with double purpose silage. Meat tenderness increased with the increase of diet concentrate level, being 5.40 ± .16, 5.71 ± .26 and 6.42 ± .23 points, respectively, for 25, 35 and 45%, the same was verified for carcass conformation, 9.7 ± .4, 9.8 ± .3 and 10.8 ± .4, written in the same order. Between genotypes, Charolais crossbred steers displayed better carcass conformation (10.8 ± .3 vs 9.4 ± .3 points) and more tender meat (6.43 ± .18 vs 5.26 ± .21 points), juicier (5.99 ± .11 vs 5.60 ± .13 points), with lower thawing loss (6.40+ .51 vs 8.69 ± .58%) and with higher marbling score (4.76 ± .30 vs 3.77 ± .34 points), while Nellore crossbred steers showed higher carcass fat percentage (22.3 ± .6 vs 18.9 ± .5%).

Características da carcaça de novilhos não-castrados ou castrados terminados em confinamento e abatidos aos 16 ou 26 meses de idade

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the carcass characteristics of intact or castrated feedlot-finished males slaughtered at 16 (young steers) or 26 months of age (steers). The diet, with 50% roughage and 50% concentrate, contained 11.8% of crude protein and 2.83 Mcal of digestible energy/kg of dry matter. Intact males from both categories showed heavier carcasses. The weight difference between intact and castrated males was more evident for 26-month-old steers (33%) than for 16-month-old (14%) animals. Carcass subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) was similar for 16-month-old intact and castrated males (5.17 and 4.54 mm), while for 26-month-old males, the SFT was lower for intact males than for castrated males (2.90 vs 4.72 mm). Better conformation (15.16 vs 14.12 points), larger Longissimus dorsi area (86.96 vs 72.66 cm2) and longer carcass (134.70 cm) and leg (69.09 cm) length were observed for intact male carcasses. Intact male carcasses had higher muscle percentage (62.70 vs 58.40%) and lower fat percentage (22.60 vs 27.01%) than castrated male carcasses, resulting in cuts with more lean and higher muscle:fat ratio (3.25 vs 2.74).

Órgãos vitais e trato gastrintestinal de vacas de descarte mestiças Charolês x Nelore abatidas com pesos distintos

The objective of this experiment was to study the development of vital organs and gastrointestinal tract of culling crossbred cows from the second (G2: 3/4Charolais (C) Nellore (N) and 3/4NC) and third (G3: 5/8CN and 5/8NC) generations of C x N rotational crossbreeding. Animals were feedlot finished and slaughtered with 465 (T465), 507 (T507), and 566 kg (T566) of body weight (BW). At the beginning of the trial, age, BW, and body condition averaged respectively, 8.5 years, 388.6 kg and, 2.35 points. Animals were fed a 48:52 forage:concentrate ratio diet containing 12.5% crude protein and 2.99 Mcal of digestible energy per kg of dry matter. Liver showed the greatest development among the studied organs. Lungs and spleen showed high development until animals reached 507 kg BW (T507) but reduced at 566 kg BW (T566). Increasing slaughter weight reduced the proportion of internal organs and gastrointestinal tract in the total BW and empty body weight (EBW). G3 animals had heavier reticulum-rumen and stomach (reticulum-rumen+omasum+abomasum) (14.29 vs. 12.30 kg and 24.43 vs. 22.28 kg, respectively) compared to G2 cows. However, when expressed as proportion of BW and EBW only the reticulum-rumen weight differed between G2 and G3 cows. The greater contribution of C in the genotype resulted in increased volume of blood and development of lungs and all vital organs together when expressed as proportions of EBW.