Flávio Gomes

Além de senzalas e fábricas: uma história social do trabalho

Convencidos do parentesco entre os estudos da escravidao e do trabalho livre, o proposito dos autores e apontar para a necessidade de uma perspectiva que permita a consideracao da complexidade e da diversidade da experiencia do trabalho na Historia, para alem de rigidas nocoes de classe social e acima das fronteiras das abordagens de pesquisa.

HISTÓRIAS DAS DIFERENÇAS E DAS DESIGUALDADES REVISITADAS: NOTAS SOBRE GÊNERO, ESCRAVIDÃO, RAÇA E PÓS-EMANCIPAÇÃO

This article intends to reflect about general aspects of the slavery history, pos-emancipation and the present time of the Black woman, mainly in terms of her insertion in the labor market. At the first part the article deal with the bibliography about the slave woman and analysis some narratives about families, daily, and feminist strategies of slaves woman, creoles, emancipated and Africans into the XVIII and XIX centuries, in every cases based on will. On the second part, the article look for establish a dialogue between the past and the present time. So, the text analysis the contemporaneous Brazilian labor market with especial emphasis about the precarious parameters for the Black woman.

Memória, cidadania e direitos de comunidades remanescentes (em torno de um documento da história dos quilombolas da Marambaia)

This article discusses the connections between history, human rights and citizenship, through the lens of the struggles by communities founded as quilombos to legalize their land occupancy based on the provisions of the 1988 Constitution and on complementary regulations passed in the 21st century. Since the 1980s, the inhabitants of the Marambaia quilombo, an area located in the southern Fluminense region of Rio de Janeiro, which in the 1800s consisted of plantations and quilombos, have fought to maintain their lands and to ensure their cultural and territorial autonomy in the face of pressure from the Brazilian Navy, the Federal Government and the court system. The paper discusses the various stages of this struggle and the diverse actors who have entered the scene (lawyers, judges, anthropologists, archeologists, NGOs, Brazils Public Ministry as well as federal and state governmental agencies) and the discourse on memory the meanings and uses of history and of the legislation on quilombo residents and their rights. The article also includes transcriptions and analyses of newly uncovered historical documents from 1870 referring to the existence of quilombos in the region.

A demografia atlântica dos africanos no Rio de Janeiro, séculos XVII, XVIII e XIX: algumas configurações a partir dos registros eclesiásticos

The article presents serial data on African Atlantic demographics in Rio de Janeiro in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early decades of the nineteenth century, highlighting parish death, marriage, and baptismal registers. These represent partial, local findings from a broader demographic study underway on various urban and rural regions of slaveholding Brazil, based on a variety of historical registers, which are used in an analysis of sociodemographic patterns (age, occupation, kinship, disease, gender, price) and variations in African ethnonyms from 1650 through 1870.

‘Atlantic Nations’ and the Origins of Africans in Late-colonial Rio de Janeiro: New Evidence

This article examines the persistent problem of African ‘nations’ (ethnic or cultural groups) in the Americas by focusing on the richly documented case of late-colonial Rio de Janeiro. First, it addresses current theoretical and methodological debates by analyzing serial demographic data on enslaved Africans who arrived in Rio in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. These data are drawn from more than 24,000 records of Africans whose ‘nations’ were listed in parish baptismal registers and postmortem inventories, plus listings of over 4,000 individuals who appeared in newspaper advertisements and police records (see Klein 2009). Next, reflecting on recently published databases that treat the origins of enslaved Africans in the Atlantic, the essay engages in a brief dialogue with the work of Gwendolyn Midlo Hall (2005a). Hall’s analyses of African ethnicity in the diaspora have also drawn on serial sources. For the city of Rio de Janeiro, I compare patterns of classification and terminology regarding the origins of Africans that appear in Mary Karasch’s pioneering study (1987). I argue that the formation of most African (or, as I prefer, ‘Atlantic’) ‘nations’ recorded in late-colonial Rio obscured but did not eliminate numerous genuinely African identities. These, in turn, were not static, but rather products of particular demographic, temporal, and cultural contexts. They were identities constructed through dialogue between enslavement in Africa, the rapid acceleration of the slave trade in the last years of the eighteenth century, the Middle Passage, and shared experiences in the diaspora, especially in the densely populated urban and semiurban world of Rio de Janeiro in the first decades of the nineteenth century. I argue that such linkages, re-combinations, and documentary ‘cover-ups’ can best be teased out by combining serial sources with close readings of all categories.

Other legacies, heritage, and memories of emancipation: peasantry, quilombolas, and citizenship in Brazil (nineteenth to twenty-first centuries)

ABSTRACT In this article, we analyze the relations among history, human rights, and citizenship through a study of quilombo (maroon) descended communities in Marambaia, in the south of Rio de Janeiro state. These communities have struggled to secure their territories through provisions in Brazil’s 1988 Constitution, as well as through regulations dating from the nineteenth century. Since the 1980s, the quilombolas of Marambaia – an area of plantations and quilombos formed in the nineteenth century – have resisted the actions of the Navy, the Federal Government, and the courts in order to secure their territories and cultures. We analyze the history of the conflict, its protagonists (quilombolas, lawyers, jurists, anthropologists, archeologists, non-governmental organizations, and representatives of federal and state governments), and the arguments about memory, history, and law these actors have used. We also present the transcription and analysis of unpublished documents on the quilombo occupation in the region in 1870.

Iron Cosmology, Slavery, and Social Control: The Materiality of Rebellion in the Coffee Plantations of the Paraíba Valley, Southeastern Brazil

Archaeological research carried out in the slave quarters of two coffee plantations in the Paraíba Valley, Southeastern Brazil, revealed a material scarcity that is highly contrastive with the material abundance found on slave quarters in sugar plantation regions. In this article, we first discuss the reasons for these differences, arguing that they are related to a tight control over the enslaved foodways. Although this control could have suppressed an important feature of the African cultural practices, we argue that these groups adopted other material resources that expressed values widely shared among the Central African societies from which most of them came. These items very likely recalled a general Central African cosmology regarding the role of iron and beliefs in supernatural powers associated with blacksmiths. In the final section, we discuss the crucial role that these belief systems played in the slave rebellions that arose in this region.

Práticas de descarte de refugo em uma plantation escravista: o caso da fazenda do colégio dos jesuítas de Campos dos Goytacazes

Este artigo tem por proposito caracterizar e discutir as praticas de descarte de refugo dos grupos escravizados que ocuparam o Colegio ou Fazenda dos Jesuitas de Campo dos Goytacazes (RJ), um estabelecimento que tinha por principal atividade produtiva o cultivo da cana-de-acucar. Escavacoes arqueologicas em quatro contextos de deposicao relacionados a ocupacao dos cativos e a ocupacao da casa grande revelaram as similaridades e diferencas nas formas de se lidar com o refugo cotidiano entre esses dois grupos antagonicos. Essas formas de descarte dizem respeito tanto a manutencao quanto a modificacao de praticas de descarte tradicionais, de origem africana. Os cativos, ao mesmo tempo em que aderiram a modificacoes nessas praticas em decorrencia da imposicao de um ideario higienista pela camada senhorial, foram aptos a manter formas mais tradicionais de lidar com os seus residuos. Deste modo, as praticas de descarte de refugo consistiram em uma das diversas taticas que esse grupo empregou para manter uma cultura diferenciada daquela da casa grande e, assim, desafiar as normas sociais que lhe eram impostas.

Metaphors of the "nation"

Review received on February 26, 2014, and approved for publication on May 7, 2014. [1] Department of History at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) – Rio de Janeiro (RJ) – Brazil. E-mail: escravo@prolink.com.br [2] Department of History at Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) – São Cristóvão (SE) – Brazil. E-mail: pjdomingues@yahoo.com.br How did black intellectuals and activists of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Bahia mobilize themselves in movements of racial and cultural affirmation throughout the 20 century? In what way did they address issues such as racial identity, self-determination, projects of “nation”, and citizenship? How did they relate and negotiate with the dominant ideologies that emerged in Brazil during this period? Or, to be more precise, how did they deal with the “racial democracy” — the term most commonly used to refer to Brazilian ideas of racial harmony? These questions are not easy to answer. However, it is around them and other related matters that revolves the subject of the book Terms of inclusion: black intellectuals in twentieth-century Brazil, by Paulina L. Alberto. Born in Argentina, Paulina Alberto is an associate professor at the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, United States. The book is a product of her PhD dissertation, presented at the University of Pennsylvania. The author’s aim is to investigate the articulations and tensions between the narratives of race, national identity, social thought, and black activism from three cities (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Salvador) between the 1920s and the 1980s. To undertake this research, she has consulted mainly reports, articles, and editorials published in the so-called “black press” of São Paulo. On a smaller scale, she has looked into the newspapers of the mainstream media and texts of memoirs. The author also consulted interviews with African-Brazilian activists done by other researchers. On specific occasions, she has made use of the annals of the Constituent Assembly, reports of the DOPS (Departamento de Ordem Política e Social,

Metáforas da “nação”

Review received on February 26, 2014, and approved for publication on May 7, 2014. [1] Department of History at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) – Rio de Janeiro (RJ) – Brazil. E-mail: escravo@prolink.com.br [2] Department of History at Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) – São Cristóvão (SE) – Brazil. E-mail: pjdomingues@yahoo.com.br How did black intellectuals and activists of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Bahia mobilize themselves in movements of racial and cultural affirmation throughout the 20 century? In what way did they address issues such as racial identity, self-determination, projects of “nation”, and citizenship? How did they relate and negotiate with the dominant ideologies that emerged in Brazil during this period? Or, to be more precise, how did they deal with the “racial democracy” — the term most commonly used to refer to Brazilian ideas of racial harmony? These questions are not easy to answer. However, it is around them and other related matters that revolves the subject of the book Terms of inclusion: black intellectuals in twentieth-century Brazil, by Paulina L. Alberto. Born in Argentina, Paulina Alberto is an associate professor at the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, United States. The book is a product of her PhD dissertation, presented at the University of Pennsylvania. The author’s aim is to investigate the articulations and tensions between the narratives of race, national identity, social thought, and black activism from three cities (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Salvador) between the 1920s and the 1980s. To undertake this research, she has consulted mainly reports, articles, and editorials published in the so-called “black press” of São Paulo. On a smaller scale, she has looked into the newspapers of the mainstream media and texts of memoirs. The author also consulted interviews with African-Brazilian activists done by other researchers. On specific occasions, she has made use of the annals of the Constituent Assembly, reports of the DOPS (Departamento de Ordem Política e Social,