Maria Helena Pereira Toledo Machado

A profissão de enfermagem no século XXI

The present article presents the sociological analysis of the nursing profession, focussing the specificities of the profession on the basis of the component elements of a profession, according to the theoretical system of the sociology of professions. At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the new millenium, nursing faces crucial questions for the profession, which bring back the need to restructure the strategic considerations that make up the political agenda of the nursing profession. Specific knowledge, professional qualification, particularities of the work process, monopoly of the professional exercise, and the configuration of the hierarchy of the nursing team are some of the items dealt within this article. As one of the essential professions in the health area, nursing needs to reach the next century with a new perspective, knowing how and in which conditions it will develop in a context of paradigmatic changes. Considering this new context, a political agenda for nursing professionals will have to contemplate the several aspects that make up a profession, that is, specific knowledge, exclusive labor market, form of organization, among others.El presente articulo presenta un analisis sociologico de la profesion de enfermeria enfocando sus especificidades a partir de los elementos constitutivos de una profesion, segun el constructo teorico de la sociologia de las profesiones. Al final del siglo XX e inicio del nuevo milenio, la enfermeria tiene ante si temas cruciales de la profesion, que apuntan hacia la necesidad de reestruturar estrategias que componen la agenda politica de la corporacion. Saber especifico, calificacion profesional, especificidades del proceso de trabajo, monopolio del ejercicio profesional, conformacion del equipo hierarquizado de enfermeria son algunos de los puntos que el articulo trata. Al ser una de las profesiones esenciales de la salud, la enfermeria tiene que llegar al proximo siglo con nueva perspectiva de como y en que condiciones se ejercera el oficio en un contexto de cambios paradigmaticos. De esa forma, una agenda politica de la corporacion tendra que contemplar los varios aspectos constitutivos de una profesion, como el saber especifico, el mercado exclusivo de trabajo y la forma de organizacion, entre otrosThe present article presents the sociological analysis of the nursing profession, focussing the specificities of the profession on the basis of the component elements of a profession, according to the theoretical system of the sociology of professions. At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the new millennium, nursing faces crucial questions for the profession, which bring back the need to restructure the strategic considerations that make up the political agenda of the nursing profession. Specific knowledge, professional qualification, particularities of the work process, monopoly of the professional exercise, and the configuration of the hierarchy of the nursing team are some of the items dealt within this article. As one of the essential professions in the health area, nursing needs to reach the next century with a new perspective, knowing how and in which conditions it will develop in a context of paradigmatic changes. Considering this new context, a political agenda for nursing professionals will have to contemplate the several aspects that make up a profession, that is, specific knowledge, exclusive labor market, form of organization, among others.

Mothering slaves: comparative perspectives on motherhood, childlessness, and the care of children in Atlantic slave societies

Kingston, Jamaica, 1831: A newspaper published by free men of colour which campaigns for free coloured civil rights publishes a letter attacking free women of colour for their inadequate motherhood, and specifically their failure to foster respectable sexual morality in their daughters. Such women, the letter writer claims, have themselves been ‘schooled to vice from their earliest years’, and as a result, they ‘bring up their daughters to tread in their own footsteps’. Vicksburg, Mississippi, United States, 1860: A woman freed from slavery by the Emancipation Proclamation is one of tens of thousands expelled from the city by Union forces. She dies at the side of the road leading out of Vicksburg, leaving the infant she had been carrying uncared for. Taubaté, Southeastern Brazil, 1886: Ambrosina, an enslaved woman, is forced to move from her hometown to this new place where she knows no-one, in order to provide care, including breast milk, for the young son of her owner. When the baby Benedito dies of suffocation, Ambrosina is prosecuted for his murder. These brief fragments about the lives of enslaved and freed women from different societies in the Americas, taken from the articles in this special issue, hint at just a few of the contested relationships experienced by mothers in Atlantic slave societies. As these vignettes suggest, enslaved women’s coerced labour frequently included the performance of caring work associated with motherhood for the free children of their owners, while in situations that made it extremely difficult for them to successfully care for their own children. Meanwhile, the strategies they adopted in response to these and similar tensions frequently placed these women under moral scrutiny from those around them, including sometimes those from their own communities. Historians writing about enslaved women’s mothering have to work hard to get beyond the long-accreted layers of mystification that have developed,

Between two Beneditos: enslaved wet-nurses amid slavery’s decline in southeast Brazil

ABSTRACTThis article discusses a series of questions related to the presence of enslaved women, female slaves working toward contractual or bequeathed freedom, and freedwomen in the domestic sphere in the final years of slavery in Brazil, with an initial emphasis on the contradictions between medical and sanitarian discourses that promoted a new, bourgeois vision of the home and the continued existence of the master-slave relationship and tutelary relations derived therefrom in the most intimate spaces of wealthy households in the cities and towns of the country’s coffee-growing southeast. The article also seeks to reconstruct the perspective of these captive and servant-class women at the moment of slavery’s extinction, thus providing a new perspective on the latter process by noting how the abolition of slavery was conditioned by the gendering of household work. A reconstruction of the life of Ambrosina, a slave woman rented out by her owner to serve another family as a wet nurse, then accused of murder...ABSTRACT This article discusses a series of questions related to the presence of enslaved women, female slaves working toward contractual or bequeathed freedom, and freedwomen in the domestic sphere in the final years of slavery in Brazil, with an initial emphasis on the contradictions between medical and sanitarian discourses that promoted a new, bourgeois vision of the home and the continued existence of the master-slave relationship and tutelary relations derived therefrom in the most intimate spaces of wealthy households in the cities and towns of the country’s coffee-growing southeast. The article also seeks to reconstruct the perspective of these captive and servant-class women at the moment of slavery’s extinction, thus providing a new perspective on the latter process by noting how the abolition of slavery was conditioned by the gendering of household work. A reconstruction of the life of Ambrosina, a slave woman rented out by her owner to serve another family as a wet nurse, then accused of murder after the death of her young charge, is the means by which these contributions are made.

ANTISSÉPTICOS E/OU DESINFETANTES: DETERIORAÇÃO E CONTAMINAÇÃO

Os autores realizaram um estudo bacteriologico de alguns antissepticos e/ou desinfetantes com objetivo de verificar as condicoes dos mesmos no que concerne a contaminacao por microrganismos, quando permanecem nos carrinhos de curativos, para uso rotineiro, por um periodo de 4 semanas.Os antissepticos e/ou desinfetantes estudados foram: liquido de Dakin, merthiolate cobrido, alcool iodado a 2%, sterylderme, alcool 96o GL.agua oxigenada, mercurio cromo e benzina (produto nao classificado como antisseptico e/ou desinfetante).No trabalho em questao observou-se colonizacao por microrganismos nas solucoes de liquido de Dakin, alcool a 96o GL e benzina.

Special issue of Women’s History Review—Mothering slaves: motherhood, childlessness and the care of children in Atlantic slave societies

motherhood, childlessness and the care of children in Atlantic slave societies Camillia Cowling, Maria Helena P. T. Machado , Diana Paton and Emily West d Department of History, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Department of History, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK; Department of History, University of Reading, Reading, UK

Hawthorne, Walter From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1830

Among the coastal peoples of Upper Guinea, when someone falls ill or dies, the presence of a jambacous is required – a Creole word to designate diviners, healer, mediums and other social figures who participate in the world of the sacred – capable of curing the sick person or at least restoring the social equilibrium lost as a consequence of the evil action of sorcerers, causers of evil. Using potions, amulets, or grisgris, blowing, reciting sacred words, and carrying out other performances, the jambacous, many of them Mandinkas, assume an important role in the restoration of the social equilibrium of families, lineages, and communities. In the eighteenth and at the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was of great importance for these coastal communities to detect the evil sorcerers to remove them from society through the death penalty or the sale of the individual to the Transatlantic salve trade. In Pará in the 1760s, the Mandinka slave José was summoned to cure the Bijagó slave, Maria, who was seriously ill. José prepared a mixture of plants and administered them uttering some incomprehensible words, part of a complex ritual which included both his herbalist knowledge and contact with the invisible. We know nothing of José’s personal history. However, the fact that the slave trade between Upper Guinea and the Amazon Region – as shown by the book From Africa to Brazil – transported a large number of sorcerers can shed some light on still unknown and unsuspected aspects of the rich Atlantic history which intertwined the coastal societies and the highlands of Upper Guinea and the colonial Amazon, most particularly Maranhão, in the second half of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth. Summarized in a lean 254 pages, the book written by one of the greatest specialists in the history of Guinea, Walter Hawthorne, sheds some light on different aspects which conditioned the history of the formation of an Atlantic slave economy in the state of Grão-Pará and Maranhão.